Smart Materials for Waste Water Applications

Ajay Kumar Mishra is currently working as the Director at the Centre for Nanomaterials Science and also as an associate professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa where he is a group leader of the research area for the composites/nanocomposites, water research and bio-inorganic chemistry.

• Preface xvPart 1 Carbon Nanomaterials 11 Easy and Large-Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Arsenic and Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions 3Fei Yu and Jie Ma1.1 Introduction 41.2 Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution 51.3 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solution 221.4 Summary and Outlook 39Acknowledgment 40References 402 Potentialities of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 47Ana L. Cukierman, Emiliano Platero, María E. Fernandez, and Pablo R. Bonelli2.1 Introduction 482.2 Graphene Synthesis Routes 492.3 Adsorption of Water Pollutants onto Graphene-Based Materials 522.4 Comparison of the Adsorption Performance of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 722.5 Regeneration and Reutilization of the Graphene-Based Adsorbents 732.6 Conclusion 77Acknowledgements 78Nomenclature 78References 793 Photocatalytic Activity of Nanocarbon-TiO2 Composites with Gold Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Water Pollutants 87L.M. Pastrana-Martínez, S.A.C. Carabineiro, J.L. Figueiredo, J.L. Faria, A.M.T. Silva, and J.G. Buijnsters3.1 Introduction 883.2 Experimental 903.3 Results and Discussion 933.4 Conclusions 101Acknowledgements 102References 1024 Carbon Nanomaterials for Chromium (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution 109Pavel Kopel, Vedran Milosavljevic, Dorota Wawrzak, Amitava Moulick, Marketa Vaculovicova, Rene Kizek, and Vojtech Adam4.1 Introduction 1104.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal 1114.3 Latest Progress in Nanocarbon Materials for Cr(VI) Treatment 1134.4 Summary 121Acknowledgement 121References 1215 Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot: A Cleaner Approach toward Clean Environment 127Kumud Malika Tripathi, Nidhi Rani Gupta, and Sumit Kumar Sonkar5.1 Introduction 1275.2 Separation of Nano-carbon from Pollutant BC 1315.3 Functionalization of Nano-Carbons Isolated from Pollutant BC 1355.4 Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot for Wastewater Treatment 1415.5 Conclusion 145Acknowledgments 146References 1466 First-Principles Computational Design of Graphene for Gas Detection 155Yoshitaka Fujimoto6.1 Introduction 1556.2 Computational Methodology 1576.3 Nitrogen Doping and Nitrogen Vacancy Complexes in Graphene 1586.4 Molecular Gas Adsorptions 1666.5 Summary 174Acknowledgments 174References 175Part 2 Synthetic Nanomaterials 1797 Advanced Material for Pharmaceutical Removal from Wastewater 181Parisa Amouzgar, May Yuan Wong, Bahman Amini Horri, and Babak Salamatinia7.1 Introduction 1827.2 Advanced Materials in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater 1857.3 Activated Carbon (AC) 1857.4 Modified Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 1867.5 Modified Polysaccharide Matrices 1887.6 Metal Organic Framework (MOF) 1907.7 Reactive Composites 1917.8 TiO2-Coated Adsorbents 1927.9 Adsorption by Zeolite and Polymer Composites 1927.10 Adsorption by Clay 1937.11 Conventional Technologies for the Removal of PPCPs in WWTP 2007.12 Membrane Filtration 2017.13 Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) 2017.14 Electro-oxidation 2027.15 Adsorption by Coagulation and Sedimentation 2027.16 Conclusion 203References 2038 Flocculation Performances of Polymers and Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters 213E. Fosso-Kankeu, F. Waanders, A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi, and A.K. Mishra8.1 General Introduction 2148.2 Conventional Treatment of Water with Inorganic Coagulants 2148.3 Development of Polymer-Based Coagulants and Mechanisms of Turbidity Removal 2198.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials-Based Flocculants and Utilisation in the Removal of Pollutants 2238.5 Conclusion 227References 2289 Polymeric Nanospheres for Organic Waste Removal 237Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh9.1 Introduction 2379.2 Method of Preparation of Nanospheres 2399.3 Applications of Different Type of Nanospheres in Water Purification 2419.4 Future Aspects 2489.5 Conclusions 248Acknowledgment 249References 24910 A Perspective of the Application of Magnetic Nanocomposites and Nanogels as Heavy Metal Sorbents for Water Purification 257Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Avila, Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo, and Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet10.1 Introduction 25810.2 Description of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels 25910.3 Routes for the Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels 26010.4 Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Nanomaterials and Nanogels 26610.5 Desorption, Regeneration, and Final Disposal 27810.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 279Acknowledgments 280References 28011 Role of Core–Shell Nanocomposites in Heavy Metal Removal 289Sheenam Thatai, Parul Khurana, and Dinesh Kumar11.1 Introduction 28911.1.1 Types of Materials 29111.2 Core and Shell Material: Synthesis and Properties 29211.3 Nanocomposites Material: Synthesis and Properties 29511.4 Nanocomposite Materials for Water Decontamination Application 29711.5 Stability of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites Material 299Acknowledgements 302References 303Part 3 Biopolymeric Nanomaterials 31112 Adsorption of Metallic Ions Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ from Water Samples Using Brazil Nut Shell as a Low-Cost Biosorbent 313Juliana Casarin, Aff onso Celso Gonçalves Jr, Gustavo Ferreira Coelho, Marcela Zanetti Corazza, Fernanda Midori de Oliveira, César Ricardo Teixeira Tarley, Adilson Pinheiro, Matheus Meier, and Douglas Cardoso Dragunski12.1 Introduction 31412.2 Materials and Methods 31412.3 Results and Discussion 31812.4 Conclusion 330Acknowledgments 330References 33113 Cellulose: A Smart Material for Water Purification 335Bharti Arora, Eun Ha Choi, Masaharu Shiratani, and Pankaj Attri13.1 Introduction 33613.2 Cellulose: Smart Material for Water Treatment 33713.3 Conclusion 343References 34314 Treatment of Reactive Dyes from Water and Wastewater through Chitosan and its Derivatives 347Mohammadtaghi Vakili, Mohd Rafatullah, Zahra Gholami and Hossein Farraji14.1 Introduction 34814.2 Dyes 34914.3 Reactive Dyes 35014.4 Dye Treatment Methods 35114.5 Adsorption 35214.6 Adsorbents for Dye Removal 35214.7 Chitosan 35414.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 368Acknowledgement 369References 36915 Natural Algal-Based Processes as Smart Approach for Wastewater Treatment 379D. Annie Jasmine, K.B. Malarmathi, S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel, and S. Malathi15.1 Introduction 38015.2 Algal Species Used in Wastewater Treatment 38215.3 Factors Affecting the Growth of Algae 38515.4 Microalgae and Wastewater Treatment 38815.5 Case Study of Algal Approach in the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater 39015.6 Biofuel from Algae Treated Wastewater 39115.7 Conclusions 394Acknowledgment 395References 395Index 399