Enhanced Oil Recovery

Oleg R. Ganiev, D.Sc. (Technical Sciences), is the Chief Researcher at the Scientific Center for Nonlinear Wave Mechanics and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NWMTC RAN), a subsidiary of IMASH RAN. O. R. Ganiev is an expert in theoretical and applied mechanics, the theory of nonlinear oscillations of multiphase systems, and fluid mechanics.Rivner F. Ganiev, D.Sc. (Technical Sciences), is a Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, the Scientific Director of the A. A. Blagonravov Institute of Machine Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMASH RAN), the Director of the Scientific Center for Nonlinear Wave Mechanics and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NWMTC RAN), Head of the Department of Computational Models for Technological Processes of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Head of the Department of Applied Physics of the Moscow Aviation Institute. R. F. Ganiev is an expert in mechanics and engineering, nonlinear oscillations and wave processes, dynamics of machines and equipment, and wave technologies in various engineering applications.Leonid E. Ukrainskiy, D.Sc. (Technical Sciences) is the Deputy Director of the Scientific Center for Nonlinear Wave Mechanics and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NWMTC RAN), a subsidiary of IMASH RAN. L. E. Ukrainskiy is an expert in theoretical and applied mechanics, the theory of nonlinear oscillations of multiphase systems, and fluid mechanics.

• Preface xiiiIntroduction: A Brief Historical Background and Description of the Problem xvii1 Scientific Foundation for Enhanced Oil Recovery and Production Stimulation 11.1 The Practical Results of Near-Wellbore Formation Cleaning by Wave Stimulation 11.2 The Scientific Fundamentals of the First-Generation Wave Technology for Stimulation of Production Processes 71.2.1 Large-Scale Laboratory Experiments at Shell Test Facilities 81.2.2 Resonances in Near-Wellbore Formation. Resonances in Perforations 121.2.3 Excitation of Oscillations in Micro-Pores by One- Dimensional Longitudinal Macro-Waves in a Medium. Resonances. Transformation of Micro-Oscillations in Pores to Macro-Flows of Fluid. Th e Capillary Effect 151.2.4 Cleaning of Horizontal Wells 181.2.5 Preliminary Results 201.3 Stimulation of Entire Reservoirs by First-Generation Wave Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Resonance Macro- and Micro-Mechanics of Petroleum Reservoirs: A Scientific Foundation for Enhanced Oil Recovery 212 Remove Micro-Particles by Harmonic External Actions 272.1 An Analysis of the Forces Acting on Pore-Contaminating Particles under a Harmonic External Action 272.2 Conditions for the Detachment of a Solid Particle from the Wall of a Pore under Harmonic External Action 302.3 The Criterion of Successful Harmonic Wave Stimulation. Criterion Determination Procedure 392.4 Summary 433 Remove Micro-Particles by Impact Waves 453.1 Determining Flow Parameters behind an Impact Wave 463.2 Assessing the Forces That Act on a Particle as the Front of an Impact Wave Is Passing 513.3 Conditions for the Detachment of a Solid Particle from the Wall of a Pore under the Action of a Passing Impact Wave 533.4 The Criterion for Successful Wave Stimulation by Impact Waves. Criterion Determination Procedure 583.5 Summary 614 The Wave Mechanisms of Motion of Capillary-Trapped Oil 634.1 The Conditions for the Detachment of a Droplet from the Wall of a Pore 644.2 The Case of Harmonic Action on a Capillary-Trapped Droplet 664.3 The Case of Impact Wave Action on a Capillary-Trapped Droplet 704.4 Summary 725 Action of Wave Forces on Fluid Droplets and Solid Particles in Pore Channels 735.1 The Mechanism of Trapping of Large Oil Droplets in a Waterflooded Reservoir. Propulsion of Droplets by One-Dimensional Nonlinear Wave Forces 735.2 The Average Flow of Fluid Caused by Oscillations in a Saturated Porous Medium with a Stationary Matrix and Inhomogeneous Porosity 765.2.1 The Statement of the Problem 765.2.2 Calculation Results 795.3 Fluid Flows Caused by Oscillations in Cone-Shaped Pores 845.3.1 The Statement of the Problem 845.3.2 Calculation Results 886 The Mobilization of Droplets and Blobs of Capillary-Trapped Oil from Microcavities 916.1 The Mathematical Statement of the Problem 916.2 The Natural Frequency of Gravity-Capillary Waves on Oil-Water and Oil-Surfactant Interfaces in Pores 956.3 Interface Instability Range 976.4 Oil-Water Interface Instability 986.5 Oil-Surfactant Interface Instability 1027 Statements and Substantiations of Waveguide Mechanics of Porous Media 1057.1 Resonance Mechanisms Possible in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media 1057.2 Resonance of Two-Dimensional Axially Symmetric Waves in Horizontal Layers of Reservoir. Efficient and Directed Excitation of Wave Energy in Target Sub-Layers 1087.3 Resonance of Two-dimensional Plane Waves in Reservoir Compartmentalizing Strike-Slip Faults and Fractured Zones 1147.3.1 The Mathematical Model of a Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium 1157.3.2 The Statement of the Problem and Solution Procedure 1187.3.3 Damping Decrements of Waves in a Natural Vertical Waveguide 1217.3.4 Statement of a Resonance Waveguide Problem and Its Substantiation for Porous Media. Introduction 1277.3.5 Resonances. Waveguide Processes in Porous Media with Heterogeneities. Th e Distribution of Forces Acting on Pore-Contaminating Solid Particles and Capillary-Trapped Oil Droplets in a Waveguide 1327.4 Linked Waveguides in Compartmentalized Reservoirs. The Transfer of Oscillations into Reservoir Inner Zones under Multidimensional Resonance Conditions 1417.4.1 The Statement of the Problem of Forced OneDimensional Oscillations in Linked Sections of a Multi-Phase Medium under Resonance Conditions 1427.4.2 The Results of Mathematical Simulation 1447.5 Experimental Determination of Resonant Frequencies of a Reservoir. Practical Recommendations for Selecting Controlled Means and Oscillation/Wave Generators 1458 The Resonant and Waveguide Characteristics of a Well 1518.1 Selecting Wave Parameters for Stimulation of Horizontal Wells 1538.1.1 Scientifi c Fundamentals 1538.1.2 Practical Recommendations on Stimulation of Horizontal Wells 1588.2 Near-Wellbore Stimulation. The Induction of Resonance 1598.2.1 Resonances in the Wellbore Section between the Oscillation Generator and the Bottom. Using Waves to Transfer Wave Energy 1598.2.2 Practical Recommendations for Stimulation of the Near-Wellbore Formation Zone 1629 Experimental Study of Wave Action on a Fluid-Filled Porous Medium 1659.1 Experimental Study of the Potential to Clean up the Near-Wellbore Formation Zone from Contamination using Wave Stimulation 1659.1.1 Test Equipment and Methodology 1669.1.2 The Results of Cleanup from Clay Mud 1699.1.3 The Results of Cleanup from Clay-Polymer Mud 1719.1.4 Summary 1739.2 The Experimental Study of the Eff ect of Shock Waves on the Displacement of Hydrocarbons by Water in a Porous Medium. Connected Wells 1739.2.1 The Test Equipment 1749.2.2 A Theoretical Analysis of the Propagation of Waves Generated by a Shock-Wave Valve in the Test Facilities and Evaluation of the Forces Caused by the Wave Action 1779.2.3 The Methodology of Tests 1809.2.4 Results of Flow Acceleration Tests 1819.2.5 The Effect of Wave Stimulation on Connected Wells 1859.2.6 Summary 186Conclusion 189References 195Index 201