Power of Identity

Manuel Castells is Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Planning at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also University Professor and the Wallis Annenberg Chair in Communication Technology and Society at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, and Professor of Sociology at the Open University of Catalonia in Barcelona. He is Distinguished Visiting Professor of Technology and Society at M.I.T., and Distinguished Visiting Professor of Internet Studies at Oxford University. He is the recipient of numerous academic awards, including the Guggenheim Fellowship, C. Wright Mills Award, the Robert and Helen Lynd Award from the American Sociological Association, and the Ithiel de Sola Pool Award from the American Political Science Association. He is a Fellow of the European Academy, a Fellow of the Spanish Royal Academy of Economics, and a Fellow of the British Academy. He has received 16 honorary doctorates from universities around the world. He has authored 23 books, among which are: the trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, first published by Blackwell in 1996–8, which has been translated into 20 languages; and Communication Power (2009).

• List of Figures xii List of Tables xivList of Charts xviPreface to the 2010 Edition of The Power of Identity xviiPreface and Acknowledgments 2003 xxxviiAcknowledgments 1996 xliiiOur World, our Lives 11 Communal Heavens: Identity and Meaning in the Network Society 5The Construction of Identity 6God's Heavens: Religious Fundamentalism and Cultural Identity 12Umma versus Jahiliya: Islamic fundamentalism 13God save me! American Christian fundamentalism 23Nations and Nationalisms in the Age of Globalization: Imagined Communities or Communal Images? 30Nations against the state: the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Commonwealth of Impossible States (Sojuz Nevozmoznykh Gosudarstv) 35Nations without a state: Catalunya 45Nations of the information age 54Ethnic Unbonding: Race, Class, and Identityin the Network Society 56 Territorial Identities: The Local Community 63Conclusion: The Cultural Communes of the Information Age 682 The Other Face of the Earth: Social Movements against the New Global Order 71Globalization, Informationalization, and Social Movements 72Mexico's Zapatistas: The First Informational Guerrilla Movement 75Who are the Zapatistas? 77The value structure of the Zapatistas: identity, adversaries, and goals 80The communication strategy of the Zapatistas: the Internet and the media 82The contradictory relationship between social movement and political institution 85Up in Arms against the New World Order: The American Militia and the Patriot Movement 87The militias and the Patriots: a multi-thematic information network 90The Patriots’ banners 95Who are the Patriots? 98The militia, the Patriots, and American society 99The Lamas of Apocalypse: Japan's Aum Shinrikyo 100Asahara and the development of Aum Shinrikyo 101Aum's beliefs and methodology 104Aum and Japanese society 105Al-Qaeda, 9/11, and Beyond: Global Terror in the Name of God 108The goals and values of al-Qaeda 111The evolving process of al-Qaeda’s struggle 115The mujahedeen and their support bases 119The young lion of the global jihad: Osama bin Laden 124From bin Laden to bin Mahfouz: financial networks, Islamic networks, terrorist networks 128Networking and media politics: the organization, tactics, and strategy of al-Qaeda 1359/11 and beyond: death or birth of a networked, global, fundamentalist movement? 140"No Globalization without Representation!": The Anti-globalization Movement 145"El pueblo desunido jamas sera vencido": the diversity of the anti-globalization movement 147The values and goals of the movement against globalization 152Networking as a political way of being 154An informational movement: the theatrical tactics of anti-globalization militants 156The movement in context: social change and institutional change 158The Meaning of Insurgencies against the New Global Order 160Conclusion: The Challenge to Globalization 1663 The Greening of the Self: The Environmental Movement 168The Creative Cacophony of Environmentalism: A Typology 170The Meaning of Greening: Societal Issues and the Ecologists’ Challenge 179Environmentalism in Action: Reaching Minds, Taming Capital, Courting the State, Tap-dancing with the Media 186Environmental Justice: Ecologists' New Frontier 1904 The End of Patriarchalism: Social Movements, Family, and Sexuality in the Information Age 192The Crisis of the Patriarchal Family 196Women at Work 215Sisterhood is Powerful: The Feminist Movement 234American feminism: a discontinuous continuity 235Is feminism global? 243Feminism: an inducive polyphony 252The Power of Love: Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements 261Feminism, lesbianism, and sexual liberation movements in Taipei 266Spaces of freedom: the gay community in San Francisco 271Summing up: sexual identity and the patriarchal family 279Family, Sexuality, and Personality in the Crisis of Patriarchalism 280The incredibly shrinking family 280The reproduction of mothering under the non-reproduction of patriarchalism 288Body identity: the (re)construction of sexuality 294Flexible personalities in a post-patriarchal world 299The End of Patriarchalism? 3015 Globalization, Identification, and the State: A Powerless State or a Network State? 303Globalization and the State 304The transnational core of national economies 305A statistical appraisal of the new fiscal crisis of the state in the global economy 307Globalization and the welfare state 312Global communication networks, local audiences, uncertain regulators 316A lawless world? 321The Nation-state in the Age of Multilateralism 323Global Governance and Networks of Nation-states 328Identities, Local Governments, and the Deconstruction of the Nation-state 332The Identification of the State 337The Return of the State 340The state, violence, and surveillance: from Big Brother to little sisters 340American unilateralism and the new geopolitics 344The Iraq War and its aftermath 349The consequences of American unilateralism 353The Crisis of the Nation-state, the Network State, and the Theory of the State 356Conclusion: The King of the Universe, Sun Tzu, and the Crisis of Democracy 3646 Informational Politics and the Crisis of Democracy 367Introduction: The Politics of Society 367Media as the Space of Politics in the Information Age 371Politics and the media: the citizens’ connection 371Show politics and political marketing: the American model 375Is European politics being "Americanized"? 381Bolivia's electronic populism: compadre Palenque and the coming of Jach'a Uru 386Informational Politics in Action: The Politics of Scandal 391The Crisis of Democracy 402Conclusion: Reconstructing Democracy? 414Conclusion: Social Change in the Network Society 419Methodological Appendix 429Appendix for Tables 5.1 and 5.2 429Appendix for Figure 6.9: Level of Support for Mainstream Parties in National Elections, 1980–2002 456Summary of Contents of Volumes I and III 464References 466Index 512