PHR and SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Complete Deluxe Study Guide

Sandra M. Reed, SPHR, has over 20 years of HR experience, the last 10 in the consulting and teaching arena. She currently is owner of Epoch Resources, a consulting firm located in the Central Valley of California, which specializes in the unique HR needs of small businesses. She has conducted onsite training for California State University, Stanislaus, University of the Pacific, the Small Business Development Center of Stanislaus County, and private employers throughout Northern California. She is the author of PHR and SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Complete Study Guide, Fifth Edition.

• Introduction xxvPHR Assessment Test xxxiSPHR Assessment Test xxxviChapter 1 Certifying Human Resource Professionals 1The Human Resource Profession 3Development of the Human Resource Body of Knowledge 4Defining the Functional Areas of the BOK 6Professional in Human Resources (PHR) 6Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) 8Eligibility Requirements 10Recertification 11The Test 12It’s Experiential and Federal 14What the Questions Look Like 15Preparing for the Exam 16Taking the Exam 20Summary 22Chapter 2 PHR Exam: Business Management 23Organizations 24External Business Environment 24Internal Business Operations 25Mission, Vision, Values 31Corporate Governance 32Organization Values and Ethics 33Ethics Officers 37Corporate Responsibility 37Whistle-Blower Protection 39Enterprise Risk Management 42HR Audits 42Insurance Policies 43Employee Handbooks 43Litigation Statistics 43Other 45Legislative and Regulatory Processes 45Technology 47Workforce Analytics 48Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 49Data Collection 50Analysis Tools 51Qualitative Analysis 54Change Management 55HR Metrics: Measuring Results 58Business Impact Measures 58Tactical Accountability Measures 59Building a Business Case 61Summary 61Exam Essentials 62Review Questions 63Chapter 3 PHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 67Talent Planning 69Workforce Goals and Objectives 70Job Analysis and Description 71Job Analysis 71Job Descriptions 72Qualified Employees 73Translating Organization Goals into Staffing Plans 78Labor Market Analysis 79Staffing Programs 80Sourcing and Recruiting Candidates 80Candidate Selection Tools 88Employment Offers 104Post-Offer Employment Activities 106Summary 111Exam Essentials 112Review Questions 113Chapter 4 PHR Exam: Learning and Development 119Organizational Development 120Strategic Interventions 121Techno-Structural Interventions 125Human Process Interventions 134Human Resource Management Interventions 137Employee Training Programs 145Adult Learning Processes and Learning Styles 146Instructional Design Models 147Learning Management Systems 162Metrics: Measuring Results 164Summary 165Exam Essentials 165Review Questions 166Chapter 5 PHR Exam: Total Rewards 171Total Rewards Defined 172Budgeting and Accounting for Total Rewards 173Salary Surveys 173Benchmarking 175Compensation 175Types of Compensation 178Traditional Pay Structures 186Benefits 196Involuntary Benefits 197Voluntary Benefits 198Payroll 212Payroll Systems 212Payroll Administration 212Communicating Compensation and Benefits Programs 215Metrics: Measuring Results 216Summary 217Exam Essentials 217Review Questions 219Chapter 6 PHR Exam: Employee and Labor Relations 223Human Relations 226Personality at Work 227Psychological Capital 228Motivational Concepts 228Organization Climate and Culture 232Employee Engagement 234Employee Involvement Strategies 234Communicating with Employees 236Employee Feedback 238Positive Employee Relations Programs 240Employee Rights and Responsibilities 242Workplace Policies and Procedures 243Records Management: The Life Cycle 245Performance Management Programs 248Performance Appraisal 249Training Performance Evaluators 252Performance Improvement 255Workplace Behavior Issues 256Organization Exit/Off-Boarding Processes 259Voluntary Exit Processes 259Involuntary Exit Processes 260Tools for Dispute Resolution 265Arbitration 266Mediation 267Constructive Confrontation 268Labor Relations 269Labor Laws and Organizations 269Employee Rights 271Union Organization 274Risk Overview 281Risk Identification 282HR Tools to Identify and Assess Risk 283Risk Assessment 286Risk Management 302Managing Security Risks 309Managing Business Continuity Risks 320Managing Workplace Privacy Risks 323Metrics: Measuring Results 326Summary 328Exam Essentials 329Review Questions 332Chapter 7 SPHR Exam: Leadership and Strategy 337Organizational Planning and Strategy 341Organizational Structures 341Shared Services and Outsourcing of HR Functions 342Strategic Planning 345Basic Accounting and Budgeting 355Strategic Management 358Strategic Relationships 359Human Capital Management Plans 361Human Capital Projections 363Service Delivery and Technology 364HRIS Systems 364Project Management Concepts 370HR Data and Metrics 371Summary 372Exam Essentials 372Review Questions 374Chapter 8 SPHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 379Recruiting and Selection 381Person-to-Organization Fit 382Person-to-Job Fit 382Candidate Sourcing 384Labor Law Compliance 386Strategic Workforce Planning 387Human Capital Management Plans 387Human Capital Projections 389The Impact of the Business Life Cycle 390Strategic Analysis 392Employee Retention and Engagement 393The Impact of Wages 394Building the Employer Brand 395Metrics: Measuring Results 396Summary 397Exam Essentials 398Review Questions 399Chapter 9 SPHR Exam: Learning and Development 403Learning and Development Defined 406Strategic Learning and Development 406The Role of the Behavioral Sciences 408Succession Plans 411Integrated Talent Management 412Training as an Intervention Strategy 413Summary 414Exam Essentials 415Review Questions 416Chapter 10 SPHR Exam: Total Rewards 421Total Rewards Defined 422Fiduciary Responsibility 423Total Rewards Philosophy and Strategies 424Competing in the Market 425Strategic Alignment 425Strategic Allocation 426Integrative Approach 427Job Analysis 428Job Evaluation and Pricing 429Collective Bargaining and Contract Costing 431Basic Budgeting and Accounting 432Accounting 432Budgeting 434Motivating and Retaining through Total Rewards 435Efficiency vs. Empathy Wages 436Other Studies 436Best Practices 437Equity Compensation 438Executive Compensation 439Stock Options 441Board of Directors/Outside Directors 443Benefits 443Summary 445Exam Essentials 445Review Questions 447Chapter 11 SPHR Exam: Employee Relations and Engagement 451Human Relations 453Motivation 454Job Attitudes 455Positive Employee Relations 456Diversity and Inclusion 463Generations at Work 464Women in Leadership 464Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression/Identity 465Cultural Competence 466Workplace Safety and Security 468Crises in Leadership 468Business Continuity 471Internal Investigations 472Labor Unions 473Collective Bargaining 473Remaining Union-Free 477Metrics: Measuring Results 478Summary 479Exam Essentials 480Review Questions 482Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 487Chapter 2: PHR Exam: Business Management 488Chapter 3: PHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 490Chapter 4: PHR Exam: Learning and Development 493Chapter 5: PHR Exam: Total Rewards 495Chapter 6: PHR Exam: Employee and Labor Relations 498Chapter 7: SPHR Exam: Leadership and Strategy 500Chapter 8: SPHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 502Chapter 9: SPHR Exam: Learning and Development 504Chapter 10: SPHR Exam: Total Rewards 506Chapter 11: SPHR Exam: Employee Relations and Engagement 508Appendix B PHR® and SPHR® Case Studies 511Case Study 1: Human Resources Role in Preventing Workplace Violence 512Questions 513Answers 514Case Study 2: Where the Green Glass Grows 514The Company 515The Customer 515Exercises 516Answers and Additional Exercises 518Appendix C Federal Employment Legislation and Case Law 521Affirmative Action Plans (AAPs) 522Executive Order 11246 AAP 523VEVRAA AAP 524Section 503, Individuals with Disabilities AAP 526Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) 527Older Worker Benefit Protection Act Amendment to the ADEA 528Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) 529Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) 530Amendments to Title VII 531Common Law Doctrines 533Employment at Will 534Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 535Promissory Estoppel 535Fraudulent Misrepresentation 535Respondeat Superior 536Constructive Discharge 536Defamation 536Copyright Act of 1976 537Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 537Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 538EEO Survey 538Report Types 539Race and Ethnicity Categories 540Job Categories 540Data Reporting 541Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) 541Summary Plan Description (SPD) 542Annual Reports 542Participant Benefit Rights Reports 543Employee Participation 543Vesting 543Benefit Accrual Requirements 544Form and Payment of Benefits 544Funding 545Fiduciary Responsibility 545Administration and Enforcement 545Amendments to ERISA 545Executive Orders 548Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 (FCRA) 549Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) 550Minimum Wage 551Maximum Hours and Overtime 551Exemption Status 554Salary Deductions 556Child Labor 558Record Keeping 558Penalties and Recovery of Back Wages 559FLSA Amendments 560Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 561Designation of FMLA Leave 561Failure to Designate in a Timely Manner 561Waiver of Rights 562Substitution of Paid Leave 562Perfect Attendance Awards 562Light Duty Assignments 562Record-Keeping Requirements 562Employers Covered 563Notice Obligations 563Employees Eligible for FMLA 565Key Employee Exception 565Employee Notice Requirement 566Reasons for FMLA Leave 567Medical Certification Process 569Types of FMLA Leave 570Calculating the FMLA Year 570Tracking Reduced and Intermittent FMLA Leave 571Ending FMLA Leave 571FMLA Implications for Employers 572Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 572Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) 573Glass Ceiling Act of 1991 574Societal Barriers 574Internal Structural Barriers 574Governmental Barriers 574Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) 575Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) 575E-Verify 576Amendments to IRCA: Immigration Act of 1990 576International Labour Organization (ILO) 578International Trade Organizations 579European Union (EU) 579Mercosur 580North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 580Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (MSHA) 580Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) 581More Inspections 582Emphasis on Safety Communication 582Reporting of Injuries 583Employer Responsibilities 583Employer Rights 584Employee Rights and Responsibilities 585OSHA Enforcement 585OSHA Record-Keeping Requirements 586OSHA Assistance 588Health and Safety Inspections 589Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) 593Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA, ACA, Obamacare) 594Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA) 595Privacy Act of 1974 595Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Sections 501, 503, and 505 596Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) 596Service Contract Act of 1965 (SCA) 596Sexual Harassment 597Hostile Work Environment Harassment 597EEOC Guidelines for the Prevention of Sexual Harassment 599Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) 600Disabled Veterans 602United States Patent Act of 1790 603Wage Garnishment Law, Federal 603Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 604Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act of 1988(WARN) 604Workers’ Compensation 605Quick Reference Guide: Agencies, Court Cases, Terms, and Laws; General Record-Keeping Guidelines 606Appendix D Resources 617Business Management, Leadership, and Strategy 619Books 619Professional Associations 620Talent Planning and Acquisition 620Books 620Professional Associations 620Learning and Development 621Books 621Professional Associations 621Total Rewards 621Books 622Professional Associations 622Employee and Labor Relations and Engagement 622Books 622Professional Associations 623Appendix E Summarizing the Summaries: What Meta-Analyses Tell Us About Work Engagement 625Christian, Garza, and Slaughter, 2011 626Maricutoiu, Sulea, and Iancu, 2017 627Knight, Patterson, and Dawson, 2017 628References 629Appendix F Neuroscience Principles and Applications for HR Leaders 631Introduction 632The Principles 633Principle 1: The Unlearning-Relearning Process 633Principle 2: Redefining Resistance 635Principle 3: Engaging Behavioral Change 638Conclusion 640Suggested Reading 640Index 643