PHR, PHRi and SPHR, SPHRi Human Resources Certification Complete Study Guide

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Sandra M. Reed, SPHR, SHRM SCP is a leading expert in the certification of Human Resource Professionals. She is the bestselling author of the Big Book of HR Exam Practice Questions and the HRCI’s Official Guide to the Human Resource Body of Knowledge. She is the founder of a business consulting group specializing in strategy and leadership development in small businesses.

• Introduction xxviiPHR/i Assessment Test xxxivAnswers to PHR/i Assessment Test xliiSPHR/i Assessment Test xlviiiAnswers to SPHR/i Assessment Test lviChapter 1 Certifying Human Resource Professionals 1The Human Resource Profession 3Development of the Human Resource Body of Knowledge 4Professional in Human Resources (PHR) andProfessional in Human Resources International (PHRi) 6Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) and Senior Professional in Human Resources International (SPHRi) 8Eligibility Requirements 10Recertification 11The Test 13It’s Experiential and Federal 14What the Questions Look Like 15Preparing for the Exam 16Taking the Exam 20Summary 24Chapter 2 PHR | PHRi and SPHR | SPHRi Exams: Shared Competencies 25Business Management and Leadership and Strategy 26Mission, Vision, Values 27Organizations 28Organizational Design and Development 30Organization Values and Ethics 31Total Quality Management 34Job Design 39Company Culture 46Change Management 48Business Metrics 51Risk Management 52Risk Identification 52Safety and Health Risks 53Business Continuity Risks 55Addressing Risks 58Sexual Harassment 63Workplace Investigations 66Workforce Planning and Talent Acquisition 67Workforce Analysis 68Translating Organization Goals into Staffing Plans 69Recruitment and Staffing Strategies 69Other Legal and Regulatory Issues 70Learning and Development and Talent Management 73Career Management 73Performance Management 81Total Rewards 88Job Evaluation 89Job Pricing 90Benchmarking 91Salary Surveys 92Employee Engagement 93Theories of Motivation 93High-Involvement Organizations 95Communication Skills and Strategies 95Summary 96Exam Essentials 97Review Questions 99Chapter 3 PHR | PHRi Exam: Business Management 103The General Business Environment 104The Commercial Landscape 105Cross-Functional Stakeholders 106Human Resources’ Role in Organizations 106Operational Structure of Human Resource Departments 107HR Service Delivery 108HR Roles and Responsibilities 109Human Resource Budgets 109Enterprise Risk Management 111HR Audits 112Risk Management Techniques 113Summary 115Exam Essentials 116Review Questions 117Chapter 4 PHR | PHRi Exam: Workforce Planning and Talent Acquisition 123Workforce Planning 124The Talent Acquisition Lifecycle 125Predicting Fit 125The Employer Brand 126Job Analysis and Descriptions 128Recruiting 129Internal Hiring 129External Talent 132Alternative Staffing Methods 136Selection 139Screening Tools 139Screening Interviews 141Negotiations and Employment Offers 153Post-Offer Employment Activities 156Employee Onboarding, Orientation, and Integration Programs 160Summary 161Exam Essentials 162Review Questions 163Chapter 5 PHR | PHRi Exam: Learning and Development 167Organizational Development 168Learning and Development Programs 169Career Development 170Employee Training Programs 171Decentralized Team Training 172Adult Learning Processes and Learning Styles 173Instructional Design Models 174Instructional Methods 188Artificial Intelligence in Training 191Learning Management Systems 192Summary 194Exam Essentials 194Review Questions 196Chapter 6 PHR | PHRi Exam: Total Rewards 201Total Rewards Defined 203Compensation 205Types of Compensation 208Traditional Pay Structures 217Payroll 225Payroll Systems 225Payroll Administration 226Benefits 229Involuntary Benefits 230Voluntary Benefits 231Communicating Compensation and Benefits Programs 247PHRi Only 248Local vs. Federal Regulations 248Benefits and Leave Preferences 249Summary 250Exam Essentials 250Review Questions 252Chapter 7 PHR | PHRi Exam: Employee Engagement 257Employee Engagement Defined 259The Workplace Value Proposition 261Engagement and the Employee Lifecycle 262Employee Involvement 264Psychological Safety 265Engaging Early- to Mid-Career Professionals 265Performance Management 266Career Growth 266Performance Improvement 268Summary 271Exam Essentials 271Review Questions 273Chapter 8 PHR | PHRi Exam: Employee and Labor Relations 277Employee and Labor Relations Defined 279Employee and Labor Relations Programs 279Diversity, Equity and Inclusion and Affirmative Action 281Corporate Social Responsibility 283Workplace Safety 285Workers’ Compensation Insurance 285Workplace Violence 286Substance Abuse 287Return-to-Work Programs 289Documentation 290Company Policies, Procedures, and Rules 293Employee Complaints 294Alternative Dispute Methods 294Workplace Investigations 295Workplace Incivility and Counterproductive Work Behaviors 296Positive Employee and Labor Relations Strategies 297Summary 298Exam Essentials 298Review Questions 300Chapter 9 PHR | PHRi Exam: HR Information Management 305HR Information Management 306HR Workflow 306Human Resource Information Systems 308Data Analytics 309Trend Analysis 310Data Storytelling and Reporting 310Records Management: The Lifecycle 311Establishing the Policy 311Proper Disposal 313Electronic Storage 313Data Privacy and Security 314Summary 316Exam Essentials 317Review Questions 318Chapter 10 SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Leadership and Strategy 323Corporate Strategy 326Organizational Structures 327Strategic Planning 328Planning to Plan 329Environmental Scanning Concepts 330Strategy Formulation 334Strategy Implementation 336Strategy Evaluation 338Business Plans 338Human Capital Management Plans 339Service Delivery Plans 341Strategic Management 342Enterprise Human Resource Management 343Strategic Relationships 344Risk Management 345Change Management 347Project Management 347Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) 348Evidence-Based Decision Making 349Business Metrics 351Legal Analysis 351Employment Policies and Practices 352Business Expansion and Reduction 352Business Intelligence 353Budgets 356Summary 358Exam Essentials 358Review Questions 360Chapter 11 SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Workforce Planning and Talent Acquisition 365Workforce Planning and Talent Acquisition Defined 366Strategic Analysis 366Workforce Goals and Objectives 367Labor Market Analysis 368Strategic Workforce Planning 369Human Capital Management Plans 369Human Capital Projections 371The Impact of the Business Lifecycle 372Workforce Expansion 373Workforce Reduction 375Strategic Recruiting and Selection 375Building the Employer Brand 376Job Analysis 377Data Literacy 378Managing Salary Expectations 380Employee Integration 381Integrating Virtual Teams 382Global Integration 383Summary 384Exam Essentials 384Review Questions 386Chapter 12 SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Talent Management 391Learning Organizations 393Workforce Development 394Integrated Learning and Development 394Strategic Alignment 395Training as an Intervention Strategy 396Performance Management Strategies 398Succession Planning 399Knowledge Management 400Leadership Development 403Employee Engagement 407Engagement and Remote Work 407Return-to-Work Strategies 410Labor Relations 412Labor Unions 413Union Organization 413Strikes 420Unfair Labor Practices 421Contract Enforcement 423Duty of Successor Employers 424Union Decertification 425Union Deauthorization 425Collective Bargaining 425Collective-Bargaining Positions 426Collective-Bargaining Strategies 427Collective-Bargaining Subjects 427Remaining Union-Free 428Summary 429Exam Essentials 430Review Questions 432Chapter 13 SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Total Rewards 437Total Rewards Defined 438Fiduciary Responsibility 438Total Rewards Philosophy and Communicating Compensation Strategies 439Competing in the Market 441Strategic Alignment 442Strategic Allocation 442Integrative Approach 446Job Analysis 446Job Evaluation and Pricing 447Collective Bargaining and Contract Costing 448Motivating and Retaining Through Total Rewards 449Efficiency vs. Empathy Wages 449Other Studies 450Best Practices 451Equity Compensation 452Executive Compensation 453Stock Options 456Board of Directors/Outside Directors 457Benefits Strategies 457Summary 457Exam Essentials 458Review Questions 460Chapter 14 SPHR | SPHRi Exam: HR Information Management, Safety, and Security 465HR Digitization 466Digitizing HR Workflows 467Human Resource Information Systems 467Applicant Tracking Systems 470Hiring Management Systems 471Learning Management Systems 471Employee Self-Service 473Gamification 473Service Delivery and Technology 474Data Privacy 476Legal and Regulatory Requirements 476Date Governance and Security Policies 477Data Protection Technology and Tools 479Summary 480Exam Essentials 481Review Questions 482Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 487Chapter 2: PHR | PHRi and SPHR | SPHRi Exams: Shared Competencies 488Chapter 3: PHR | PHRi Exam: Business Management 491Chapter 4: PHR | PHRi Exam: Workforce Planning and Talent Acquisition 494Chapter 5: PHR | PHRi Exam: Learning and Development 497Chapter 6: PHR | PHRi Exam: Total Rewards 500Chapter 7: PHR | PHRi Exam: Employee Engagement 503Chapter 8: PHR | PHRi Exam: Employee and Labor Relations 506Chapter 9: PHR | PHRi Exam: HR Information Management 510Chapter 10: SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Leadership and Strategy 513Chapter 11: SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Workforce Planning and Talent Acquisition 516Chapter 12: SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Talent Management 520Chapter 13: SPHR | SPHRi Exam: Total Rewards 523Chapter 14: SPHR | SPHRi Exam: HR Information Management, Safety, and Security 525Appendix B PHR | PHRi and SPHR | SPHRi Case Studies 531Case Study 1: Human Resources Role in Preventing Workplace Violence 532Questions 534Answers 535Case Study 2: Military Veterans in the Workplace 536Questions 538Answers 539Appendix C Federal Employment Legislation and Case Law 541Affirmative Action Plans (AAPs) 542Executive Order 11246 AAP 543VEVRAA AAP 544Section 503, Individuals with Disabilities AAP 545Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) 546Older Worker Benefit Protection Act Amendment to the ADEA 547Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and Amendments 547Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) 549Amendments to Title VII 550Common Law Doctrines 552Employment at Will 552Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 554Promissory Estoppel 554Fraudulent Misrepresentation 554Respondeat Superior 554Constructive Discharge 555Defamation 555Copyright Act of 1976 555Davis–Bacon Act of 1931 556Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 556EEO Survey 557Report Types 558Race and Ethnicity Categories 559Job Categories 559Data Reporting 560Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) 560Summary Plan Description (SPD) 561Annual Reports 561Participant Benefit Rights Reports 562Employee Participation 562Vesting 562Benefit Accrual Requirements 563Form and Payment of Benefits 563Funding 564Fiduciary Responsibility 564Safe Harbor Provisions 564Administration and Enforcement 564Amendments to ERISA 565Executive Orders 567Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 (FCRA) 568Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) 569Minimum Wage 570Maximum Hours and Overtime 570Exemption Status 573Salary Deductions 575Actual Practice 576Safe Harbor 576Child Labor 576Recordkeeping 577Penalties and Recovery of Back Wages 578FLSA Amendments 578Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 580Designation of FMLA Leave 580Failure to Designate in a Timely Manner 580Waiver of Rights 581Substitution of Paid Leave 581Perfect Attendance Awards 581Light-Duty Assignments 581Recordkeeping Requirements 581Employers Covered 582Notice Obligations 583Employees Eligible for FMLA 584Key Employee Exception 584Employee Notice Requirement 585Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 591Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) 592Glass Ceiling Act of 1991 592Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) 593Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) 594International Labour Organization (ILO) 597International Trade Organizations 597Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (MSHA) 598Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) 598Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) 610Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA, ACA, Obamacare) 611Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA) 612Privacy Act of 1974 612Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Sections 501, 503, and 505 613Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) 613Service Contract Act of 1965 (SCA) 614Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) 614United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) 617United States Patent Act of 1790 617Wage Garnishment Law, Federal 618Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 618Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act of 1988 (WARN) 618Workers’ Compensation 619Quick Reference Guide: Agencies, Court Cases, Terms, and Laws; General Recordkeeping Guidelines 620Appendix D Resources 633Business Management, Leadership, and Strategy 635Books 635Professional Associations 635Workforce Planning and Talent Acquisition 636Books 636Professional Associations 636Learning and Development 636Books 636Professional Associations 637Total Rewards 637Books 637Professional Associations 637Employee Engagement 637Books 638Professional Associations 638Employee and Labor Relations 638Books 638Professional Associations 638Global Human Resource Management 639Books 639Professional Associations 639HR Information Management, Safety and Security 639Books 639Professional Associations 640Appendix E Summarizing the Summaries: What Meta-Analyses Tell Us About Work Engagement 641Christian, Garza, and Slaughter, 2011 642Maricutoiu, Sulea, and Iancu, 2017 643Knight, Patterson, and Dawson, 2017 644References 645Appendix F Neuroscience Principles and Applications for HR Leaders 647Introduction 648The Principles 649Principle 1: The Unlearning-Relearning Process 649Principle 2: Redefining Resistance 651Principle 3: Engaging Behavioral Change 654Conclusion 656Suggested Reading 656Index 659