Organic Corrosion Inhibitors

Chandrabhan Verma, PhD, is Post-Doctoral Fellow, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. He is a member of American Chemical Society (ACS) and is the author of several research and review articles in peer-reviewed international journals.Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor, and Director of Chemistry and EVSC Laboratories, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), USA. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas. Eno E. Ebenso, PhD, is Full Professor, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa. Professor Ebenso is the author of more than 450 peer-reviewed journal articles in peer-reviewed journals and is the recipient of several national and international awards for his academic achievements.

• Preface xvAbout the Editors xviiList of Contributors xixPart I Basics of Corrosion and Prevention 11 An Overview of Corrosion 3Marziya Rizvi1 Introduction 31.1 Basics about Corrosion 31.2 Economic and Social Aspect of Corrosion 41.3 The Corrosion Mechanism 51.3.1 Anodic Reaction 61.3.2 Cathodic Reactions 71.4 Classification of Corrosion 81.4.1 Uniform Corrosion 81.4.2 Pitting Corrosion 91.4.3 Crevice Corrosion 91.4.4 Galvanic Corrosion 91.4.5 Intergranular Corrosion 101.4.6 Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 101.4.7 Filiform Corrosion 101.4.8 Erosion Corrosion 101.4.9 Fretting Corrosion 111.4.10 Exfoliation 111.4.11 Dealloying 111.4.12 Corrosion Fatigue 111.5 Common Methods of Corrosion Control 111.5.1 Materials Selection and Design 121.5.2 Coatings 121.5.3 Cathodic Protection (CP) 121.5.4 Anodic Protection 131.5.5 Corrosion Inhibitors 131.6 Adsorption Type Corrosion Inhibitors 131.6.1 Anodic Inhibitors 141.6.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 141.6.3 Mixed Inhibitors 141.6.4 Green Corrosion Inhibitors 15References 152 Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 19Sheerin Masroor2.1 Introduction 192.2 Methods and Discussion 212.2.1 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques 212.3 Conclusion 33References 333 Computational Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 39Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi, Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee3.1 Introduction 393.2 Quantum Chemical (QC) Calculations-Based DFT Method 403.2.1 Theoretical Framework 403.2.2 Theoretical Application of DFT in Corrosion Inhibition Studies: Design and Chemical Reactivity Prediction of Inhibitors 423.2.2.1 HOMO and LUMO Electron Densities 433.2.2.2 HOMO and LUMO Energies 433.2.2.3 Electronegativity (ɳ), Chemical Potential (μ), Hardness (η), and Softness (σ) Indices 433.2.2.4 Electron-Donating Power (ω−) and Electron-Accepting Power (ω+) 443.2.2.5 The Fraction of Electrons Transferred (ΔN) 443.2.2.6 Fukui Indices (FIs) 453.3 Atomistic Simulations 453.3.1 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations 463.3.1.1 Total Energy Minimization 463.3.1.2 Ensemble 473.3.1.3 Force Fields 473.3.1.4 Periodic Boundary Condition 473.3.2 Monte Carlo (MC) Simulations 483.3.3 Parameters Derived from MD and MC Simulations of Corrosion Inhibition 483.3.3.1 Interaction and Binding Energies 493.3.3.2 Radial Distribution Function 503.3.3.3 Mean Square Displacement, Diffusion Coefficient, and Fractional Free Volume 50Acknowledgments 51Suggested Reading 51References 514 Organıc and Inorganıc Corrosıon Inhıbıtors: A Comparıson 59 Goncagül Serdaroğlu and Savaş Kaya4.1 Introduction 594.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 614.2.1 Organic Corrosion Inhibitors 614.2.1.1 Azoles 624.2.1.2 Azepines 634.2.1.3 Pyridine and Azines 644.2.1.4 Indoles 654.2.1.5 Quinolines 664.2.1.6 Carboxylic Acid and Biopolymers 674.2.1.7 Inorganic Corrosion Inhibitors 684.2.1.8 Anodic Inhibitors 694.2.1.9 Cathodic Inhibitors 69References 69Part II Heterocyclic and Non-Heterocyclic Corrosion Inhibitors 755 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors: A Review 77Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, Eno E. Ebenso,and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain5.1 Introduction 775.1.1 Corrosion: Basics and Its Inhibition 775.1.2 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 785.1.2.1 1o-, 2o-, and 3o-Aliphatic Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 795.1.2.2 Amides and Thio-Amides as Corrosion Inhibitors 815.1.2.3 Schiff Bases as Corrosion Inhibitors 825.1.2.4 Amine-Based Drugs and Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors 855.1.2.5 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 885.2 Conclusion and Outlook 88Important Websites 89References 896 Imidazole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 95Jeenat Aslam, Ruby Aslam, and Chandrabhan Verma6.1 Introduction 956.1.1 Corrosion and Its Economic Impact 956.2 Corrosion Mechanism 966.3 Corrosion Inhibitors 976.4 Corrosion Inhibitors: Imidazole and Its Derivatives 986.5 Computational Studies 1106.6 Conclusions 113References 1137 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 123Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain7.1 Introduction 1237.1.1 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 1247.1.2 Literature Survey 1257.1.2.1 Substituted Pyridine as Corrosion Inhibitors 1257.1.3 Pyridine-Based Schiff Bases (SBs) as Corrosion Inhibitors 1297.1.4 Quinoline-Based Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors 1307.2 Summary and Outlook 130References 1408 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 149Chandrabhan Verma and M. A. Quraishi8.1 Introduction 1498.2 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 1518.2.1 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 1528.2.2 Quinoline Derivatives Other Than 8-hydroxyquinoline as Corrosion Inhibitors 1568.3 Conclusion and Outlook 160References 1619 Indole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 167 Taiwo W. Quadri, Lukman O. Olasunkanmi, Ekemini D. Akpan, and Eno E. Ebenso9.1 Introduction 1679.2 Synthesis of Indoles and Its Derivatives 1689.3 A Brief Overview of Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors 1719.4 Application of Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors 1729.4.1 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Ferrous Metals 1739.4.2 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Nonferrous Metals 1929.5 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Indoles 2019.6 Theoretical Modeling of Indole-Based Chemical Inhibitors 2029.7 Conclusions and Outlook 205References 20710 Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Industry 221 M. A. Quraishi and Dheeraj Singh Chauhan10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Corrosion in the Oil–Gas Industry 22210.2.1 An Overview of Corrosion 22210.2.2 Corrosion of Steel Structures During Acidizing Treatment 22310.2.3 Limitations of the Existing Oil and Gas Corrosion Inhibitors 22310.3 Review of Literature on Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors 22310.3.1 Plant Extracts 22310.3.2 Environmentally Benign Heterocycles 22410.3.3 Pharmaceutical Products 22610.3.4 Amino Acids and Derivatives 22810.3.5 Macrocyclic Compounds 22910.3.6 Chemically Modified Biopolymers 22910.3.7 Chemically Modified Nanomaterials 23110.4 Conclusions and Outlook 233References 235Part III Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors 24111 Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 243 Jiyaul Haque and M. A. Quraishi11.1 Introduction 24311.2 Glucose- Based Inhibitors 24411.3 Chitosan- Based Inhibitors 24611.4 Inhibition Mechanism of Carbohydrate Inhibitor 25111.5 Conclusions 252References 25212 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 255 Saman Zehra and Mohammad Mobin12.1 Introduction 25512.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 25712.3 Why There Is Quest to Explore Green Corrosion Inhibitors? 25812.4 Amino Acids and Their Derived Compounds: A Better Alternate to the Conventional Toxic Corrosion Inhibitors 26112.4.1 Amino Acids: A General Introduction 26112.4.2 A General Mechanistic Aspect of the Applicability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 26312.4.3 Factors Influencing the Inhibition Ability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives 26412.5 Overview of the Applicability of Amino Acid and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 26412.5.1 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Copper in Different Corrosive Solution 26512.5.2 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Aluminium and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 26612.5.3 For the Protection of Iron and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 27212.6 Recent Trends and the Future Considerations 27712.6.1 Synergistic Combination of Amino Acids with Other Compounds 27712.6.2 Self-Assembly Monolayers (SAMs) 27812.6.3 Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids 27812.6.4 Amino Acids as Inhibitors in Smart Functional Coatings 27912.7 Conclusion 280Acknowledgments 281References 28113 Chemical Medicines as Corrosion Inhibitors 287 Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi, Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee13.1 Introduction 28713.2 Greener Application and Techniques Toward Synthesis and Development of Corrosion Inhibitors 28813.2.1 Ultrasound Irradiation-Assisted Synthesis 28813.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 28913.2.3 Multicomponent Reactions 28913.3 Types of Chemical Medicine-Based Corrosion Inhibitors 29113.3.1 Drugs 29113.3.2 Expired Drugs 29113.3.3 Functionalized Drugs 29213.4 Application of Chemical Medicines in Corrosion Inhibition 29213.4.1 Drugs 29213.4.2 Expired Drugs 29713.4.3 Functionalized Drugs 305Acknowledgments 306References 30614 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 315Ruby Aslam, Mohammad Mobin, and Jeenat Aslam14.1 Introduction 31514.2 Inhibition of Metal Corrosion 31614.3 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 31714.3.1 In Hydrochloric Acid Solution 31814.3.2 In Sulfuric Acid Solution 32214.3.3 In NaCl Solution 33414.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 335Acknowledgment 336Abbreviations 336References 33715 Oleochemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors 343F. A. Ansari, Sudheer, Dheeraj Singh Chauhan, and M. A. Quraishi15.1 Introduction 34315.2 Corrosion 34415.2.1 Definition and Economic Impact 34415.2.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 34415.3 Significance of Green Corrosion Inhibitors 34515.4 Overview of Oleochemicals 34515.4.1 Environmental Sustainability of Oleochemicals 34515.4.2 Production/Recovery of Oleochemicals 34615.5 Literatures on the Utilization of Oleochemicals as Corrosion Protection 34915.6 Conclusions and Outlook 365References 366Part IV Organic Compounds-Based Nanomaterials as Corrosion Inhibitors 37116 Carbon Nanotubes as Corrosion Inhibitors 373 Yeestdev Dewangan, Amit Kumar Dewangan, Shobha, and Dakeshwar Kumar Verma16.1 Introduction 37316.2 Characteristics, Preparation, and Applications of CNTs 37416.3 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors 37616.3.1 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Ferrous Metal and Alloys 37616.3.2 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Nonferrous Metal and Alloys 37716.4 Conclusion 381Conflict of Interest 381Acknowledgment 381Abbreviations 381References 38217 Graphene and Graphene Oxides Layers Application as Corrosion Inhibitors in Protective Coatings 387Renhui Zhang, Lei Guo, Zhongyi He, and Xue Yang17.1 Introduction 38717.2 Preparation of Graphene and Graphene Oxides 38817.2.1 Graphene 38817.2.2 N-doped Graphene and Its Composites 39017.2.3 Graphene Oxides 39017.3 Protective Film and Coating Applications of Graphene 39017.4 The Organic Molecules Modified Graphene as Corrosion Inhibitor 39817.5 The Effect of Dispersion of Graphene in Epoxy Coatings on Corrosion Resistance 39917.6 Challenges of Graphene 40417.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 404References 406Part V Organic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 41118 Natural Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 413 Marziya Rizvi18.1 An Overview of Natural Polymers 41318.2 Mucilage and Gums from Plants 41518.2.1 Guar Gum 41518.2.2 Acacia Gum 41518.2.3 Xanthan Gum 41718.2.4 Ficus Gum/Fig Gum 41718.2.5 Daniella oliveri Gum 41918.2.6 Mucilage from Okra Pods 41918.2.7 Corn Polysaccharide 41918.2.8 Mimosa/Mangrove Tannins 42018.2.9 Raphia Gum 42018.2.10 Various Butter-Fruit Tree Gums 42018.2.11 Astragalus/Tragacanth Gum 42118.2.12 Plantago Gum 42118.2.13 Cellulose and Its Modifications 42118.2.13.1 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 42218.2.13.2 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose 42218.2.13.3 Hydroxyethyl Cellulose 42218.2.13.4 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose 42318.2.13.5 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose 42318.2.13.6 Ethyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose or EHEC 42318.2.14 Starch and Its Derivatives 42318.2.15 Pectin 42418.2.16 Chitosan 42518.2.17 Carrageenan 42618.2.18 Dextrins 42718.2.19 Alginates 42718.3 The Future and Application of Natural Polymers in Corrosion Inhibition Studies 429References 43119 Synthetic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 435 Megha Basik and Mohammad Mobin19.1 Introduction 43519.2 General Mechanism of Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 43719.3 Corrosion Inhibitors – Synthetic Polymers 43719.4 Conclusion 445Useful Links 447References 44720 Epoxy Resins and Their Nanocomposites as Anticorrosive Materials 451 Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Eno E. Ebenso, Chandrabhan Verma,A. El Harfi, and M. El Gouri20.1 Introduction 45120.2 Characteristic Properties of Epoxy Resins 45220.3 Main Commercial Epoxy Resins and Their Syntheses 45320.3.1 Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) 45320.3.2 Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins 45420.3.3 Trifunctional Epoxy Resins 45520.3.4 Phenol-Novolac Epoxy Resins 45620.3.5 Epoxy Resins Containing Fluorine 45620.3.6 Epoxy Resins Containing Phosphorus 45720.3.7 Epoxy Resins Containing Silicon 45820.4 Reaction Mechanism of Epoxy/Amine Systems 45920.5 Applications of Epoxy Resins 46120.5.1 Epoxy Resins as Aqueous Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 46120.5.2 Epoxy Resins as Coating Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 46620.5.3 Composites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 46720.5.4 Nanocomposites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 46820.6 Conclusion 471Abbreviations 471References 472Index483