One Health

Meththika Vithanage, PhD, is a Professor and founder of the Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka. She was listed as a Highly Cited Researcher and Top 2% of the most cited scientists across various disciplines globally. She has published more than 200 articles, and her focus is on environmental remediation, biochar and microplastics. Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, PhD, is Honorary Emeritus Professor in the Department of Plant Science, University of Hyderabad, India. He has published about 230 papers and edited 40 books, and ranked in top 2% of global scientists consecutively for three years (2020-2022). A recipient of the Pitamber Pant National Environment Fellowship of 2007 from the Government of India, he also received the Excellent Scholar Award of the XIX International Botanical Congress 2017, Shenzhen, China.

• List of Contributors xixPreface xxvSection I One Health Approach 11 The Need for One Health Approach at the Recent Anthropocene 3Novil Wijeskara1.1 Anthropocene 31.2 Infectious Diseases: Animals to Humans 31.3 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases 31.4 Definition of One Health 61.5 Other Paradigms to One Health 81.6 One Health Fundamentals 81.7 International Health Regulations and Its Evaluation Mechanisms 91.8 Global Health Security Agenda 101.9 COVID-19 and One Health 131.10 Road Map for One Health 151.11 Challenges of One Health Approach 15Acknowledgment 16References 162 Emergence and Re-emergence of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs): Looking at “One Health” Through the Lens of Ecology 19Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Progya Mukherjee, Meththika Vithanage, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad2.1 Introduction 192.2 Emerging Infectious Diseases 202.3 Genesis of EIDs: Tracing from Natural History 202.4 Global Trends of EIDs 222.5 Changes in Pathogen, Vector, and Human Ecology: A Faustian Bargain for EIDs 232.6 Forests and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Unleashing the Beast Within 272.7 Humans as the Dominant Driver of Emergence and Resurgence of EIDs 292.8 Global Warming and EIDs 302.9 COVID-19: The Latest Avatar of the EID 322.10 Mitigation 332.11 Conclusion 34References 353 Environmental Interfaces for One Health 39Rasika Jinadasa3.1 Environment is the Most Dynamic Component of the One Health Triad 393.2 Anthropogenic Alteration of Natural Landscapes Reduces Biodiversity and Promotes Emergence and Spread of Infectious Diseases 393.3 Climate Change Modify the Behavior of Reservoir Species of Zoonotic Pathogens and the Viability of the Pathogens in the Environment 403.4 Urbanization Creates Novel Habitats for Adaptable Species and New Niches for Diseases 413.5 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Is One of the Largest Threats to Global Public Health 413.6 Transmission Dynamics of AMR in the Environmental and Wildlife Are Less Understood, or Neglected 413.7 Major Anthropogenic Drivers of Zoonotic Disease Emergence Also Drives the Emergence and Spread of AMR in Environment 423.8 Food-Producing Environments Play a Critical Role in the Emergence and Spread of AMR 423.9 Wildlife Also Plays a Very Significant Role in the Ecology and Dissemination of AMR 433.10 AMR is Not Monitored Regularly Using Standard Methods 433.11 Global and National Action Plans on AMR 44References 444 Zoonoses: The Rising Threat to Human Health 49B.G.D.N.K. de Silva, H. Harischandra, and S.U. Nimalratna4.1 What is a Zoonotic Disease? 494.2 Classification of Zoonotic Diseases 504.3 Direct Contact 534.4 Indirect Contact 544.5 Who Is at Risk of Zoonoses? 594.6 Factors Contributing to the Emergence and Reemergence of Zoonotic Diseases 604.7 Prevention of Zoonotic Diseases 614.8 One Health Initiative 61References 625 Microplastics in Soil and Water: Vector Behavior 63Ewa Wiśniowska5.1 Introduction 635.2 Concentrations of Inorganic Pollutants Adsorbed on Microplastics 655.3 Concentrations of Organic Micropollutants Adsorbed on Microplastics 675.4 Microplastics as Source of Plastic Additives and Decomposition Products 695.5 Microplastics as a Base for Microorganisms Growth 705.6 Conclusions 71References 71Section II Environmental Domains for One Health 756 Cyanotoxin in Hydrosphere and Human Interface 77Dhammika N. Magana-Arachchi and Rasika P. Wanigatunge6.1 Introduction 776.2 Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins 776.3 Modes of Human Exposure to Cyanotoxins and Illnesses Associated with Cyanotoxins 816.4 The Future Directions for Effective Risk Management of Toxic Cyanobacteria 836.5 Conclusion 84Acknowledgment 84References 847 Contributions to One Health Approach to Solve Geogenic Health Issues 87Rohana Chandrajith and Johannes A.C. Barth7.1 Introduction 877.2 Medical Geology – Historical Perspective 887.3 Pathways of Elements in the Geoenvironment 887.4 The Hydrologic Cycle and One Health 907.5 Geology and Health – Some Examples 917.6 Conclusions 93References 938 Disasters: Health and Environment Interphase 97Novil Wijeskara8.1 Key Terminology on Disasters 978.2 Effects of Disasters on Environment and Health 1038.3 Managing Natural Disasters to Minimize Effects on Human Health 1068.4 Shifting the Focus: Response to Disaster Risk Management 1078.5 Resilience: A New Paradigm 1088.6 Areas for Future Research and Practice 110Acknowledgment 111References 1119 Role of Microorganisms in Bioavailability of Soil Pollutants 113H.M.S.P. Madawala9.1 Introduction 1139.2 Soil Pollution: The Global Scenario 1149.3 Types of Soil Pollutants 1159.4 Emerging Pollutants 1159.5 Fates of Soil Pollutants 1169.6 Why Microbes? 1169.7 Organic Soil Pollutants 1179.8 Potentially Toxic Elements (Heavy Metals) 1209.9 Microplastics 1229.9.1 Nanomaterials 1239.10 A Final Inference 123References 12410 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Migration from Water to Soil–Plant Systems, Health Risks, and Implications for Remediation 133Viraj Gunarathne, Meththika Vithanage, and Jörg Rinklebe10.1 Introduction 13310.2 Sources of PFAS Contamination 13410.3 Biotransformation of PFAS 13510.4 Transportation and Occurrence of PFAS in Water Resources 13610.5 PFAS in Soil and Interactions 13710.6 Plant Interactions and Uptake of PFAS 13810.7 Health Risks of PFAS 14010.8 Implications for Remediation 14010.9 Recommendations and Future Research Directions 141References 14211 One Health Relationships in Microbe–Human Domain 147Nimroth Ambanpola, Kapila N. Seneviratne, and Nimanthi Jayathilaka11.1 Microbial Domain in Human 14711.2 Normal Bacterial Makeup of the Body 14711.3 How Microbiome Impact on Human Health and Homeostasis 14911.4 Factors That Influence the Microbial Domain Due to Interactions Between Humans, Animals, Plants, and Our Environment 15311.5 One Health Threats 15411.6 Animals as Early Warning Signs of Potential Human Illness 15511.7 Tools for Studying the Shared Microbiome 15511.8 Concluding Remarks 158References 15812 Biomedical Waste During COVID-19: Status, Management, and Treatment 161Sanchayita Rajkhowa and Jyotirmoy Sarma12.1 Introduction 16112.2 Composition of Healthcare Waste 16212.3 Waste Management Strategies During COVID-19 Pandemic 16312.4 Treatment of BMW During COVID-19 16412.5 Healthcare Solid Waste Treatment Techniques 16512.6 Future Aspects and Conclusion 166References 16713 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Disease Transmission: Learning from COVID-19 Data 169Naleen Chaminda Ganegoda, Dipo Aldila, and Karunia Putra Wijaya13.1 Introduction 16913.2 Data Processing 17013.3 Spatial Autocorrelation 17013.4 Spatiotemporal Analysis 17613.5 Discussion 179Acknowledgments 182References 18214 Organic Farming: The Influence on Soil Health 185Jithya Wijesinghe, Shermila M. Botheju, Bhagya Nallaperuma, and Niwantha Kanuwana14.1 Introduction 18514.2 Soil Health 18614.3 Organic Farming Affecting Soil Health: Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties 18814.4 Organic Farming Toward One Health 19214.5 Challenges, Trends, and Prospects 194References 19415 Chronic Kidney Disease with Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka: Selected Case Studies 199Saranga Diyabalanage and Rohana Chandrajith15.1 Introduction 19915.2 Prevalence of CKDu in Sri Lanka 19915.3 Etiology of CKDu 20015.4 Influence of Hydro-geochemical Quality of Drinking Water 20215.5 Influence of Biochemical Factors on CKDu 20615.6 Future Directions 207References 20716 Waste in One Health: Building Resilient Communities Through Sustainable Waste Management 211Randika Jayasinghe, Pabasari Arundathi Koliyabandara, and Meththika Vithanage16.1 Introduction 21116.2 Waste and Environmental Health 21116.3 Waste and Human Health 21316.4 Waste and Animal Health 21316.5 Waste Management During and Post- COVID- 19 Pandemic 21416.6 Futuristic Approaches in Waste Management 21516.7 Final Remarks 217References 21717 One Health Approach for Eye Care: Is It a Boon or Hype 221Narayanan Janakiraman, Lakshmi Badrinarayanan, Dhanashree Ratra, and Sailaja V. ElchuriAbbreviations 22117.1 Introduction 22117.2 Eye – The Visual Organ 22217.3 Eye Diseases 22217.4 Cornea and Its Diseases 22317.5 Types of Corneal Injuries 22417.6 Retina and Its Diseases 22517.7 Environmental Effect on Eye Diseases 23217.8 Microbes and Eye Diseases 23317.9 Eye Cancers and Environment 23317.10 Eye Diseases and COVID Infection 23417.11 Role of Community Screening by Optometrists 23517.12 Role of Community Awareness Programs 23617.13 The Role of Green Landscapes in Eye Health 23617.14 Ocular Health and One Health Approach 236References 23618 Wastes in One Health – African Perspective 243R.M. Nalwanga, M. Kaziro, J. Nattabi, V. Kantono, J. Kyayesimira, and F. Muheirwe18.1 Introduction 24318.2 Waste Categorization 24318.3 Plastics 24418.4 Domestic Garbage 24418.5 Liquid Waste 24418.6 Radioactive Waste 24418.7 Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (e- Waste) 24518.8 Drivers of Wastes Generation in Africa 24518.9 Poor Handling Practices of Wastes 24518.10 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Wastes in One Health 24618.11 Environmental Degradation of Improper Waste Disposal 24618.12 Impact of Exposure to Waste on Human Health 24618.13 Contemporary Issues: Waste Management and Antimicrobial Resistance 24818.14 Waste Management Practices 24918.15 Actionable Recommendations on Waste in One Health 250References 25019 Endocrine Disruptors and Female Reproductive Health: A Problem to Tackle with One Health Perspective 255Luhan Jiang, Kai-Fai Lee, and Suranga P. Kodithuwakku19.1 Introduction 25519.2 Endocrine Disruptors 25619.3 Human Female Reproductive Tract 25719.4 Mitigating the Exposure/Impact of EDCs and Future Research Through the “One Health” Approach 26519.5 Concluding Remarks 265References 26620 Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in South Asia: Challenges of One Health 273T.M.A.H. Tennakoon and K.K. Wijesundera20.1 One Health Concept 27320.2 Zoonoses 27420.3 Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in South Asia 27520.4 Challenges of Implementing One Health in South Asia 28020.5 Conclusion 282Acknowledgments 282References 28221 Impacts of Crop Protection Practices on Human Infectious Diseases: Agroecology as the Preferred Strategy to Integrate Crop Plant Health Within the Extended “One Health” Framework 287Alain Ratnadass, Peninna Deberdt, Thibaud Martin, Mathilde Sester, and Jean-Philippe Deguine21.1 Introduction 28721.2 Limits of the Study 28721.3 A Conceptual Framework to Position Crop Protection Practices 28921.4 Discussion and Conclusion 299References 30022 Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance Needs One Health Approach 309Yasodhara Gunasekara, Sanda Kottawatta, Thilini Nisansala, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, and Ruwani Kalupahana22.1 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Brief Overview 30922.2 AMR: Antimicrobials, Their Origin, and Development of Resistance 30922.3 AMR: Types and Mechanisms 31122.4 AMR: No Boundaries for Transmission 31122.5 AMR: Current Status 31322.6 AMR: Inter and Intra Transmission Among Humans, Animals, and Environment 31522.7 One Health Approach for Tackling AMR 31722.8 Constraints in Implementing One Health Approach 32022.9 Conclusion 320References 32023 Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Pathogens: Role of Tick Vectors and Host Animal Community Composition in Their Circulation and Source of Infections 325Rupika S. Rajakaruna and Marina E. Eremeeva23.1 General Features of Tick Biology 32523.2 Ecological Factors Affecting Tick-Borne Agents 32723.3 Ticks and Tick-Transmitted Pathogens in the United States 32823.4 Ticks and Tick-Transmitted Pathogens in Sri Lanka 33523.5 The One Health Approach to Understanding Tick-Borne Disease Agents 34023.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 342Acknowledgments 342References 34224 Natural Enemies Against Dengue: Opportunities and Constraints on Biological Control of Dengue Vectors in Sri Lanka 351Lahiru Udayanga, Sandun J. Perera, and Tharaka Ranathunge24.1 Dengue: The Fastest Spreading Vector-Borne Disease 35124.2 Management Strategies of Dengue 35124.3 Biological Control of Dengue 35224.4 Biological Control of Dengue in Sri Lanka 35324.5 Carnivorous Mosquito Larvae 35424.6 Carnivorous Aquatic Plants 35424.7 Endoparasitic Ciliates with Antagonistic Effect 35624.8 Ecological Perspective of Biological Control 35624.9 Opportunities, Constraints, and Way Forward 358Acknowledgments 359References 359Section III Futuristic Approach for One Health 36325 Planetary Health: Rethinking Health 365Novil Wijeskara25.1 Impact of Humans on the Planet 36525.2 Paradigm Shift: Human to Planetary Health 37425.3 Approaches to Promote Planetary Health 38025.4 Measure Growth, Progress, and Development and Govern Ourselves 382Acknowledgment 382References 38426 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogenic Organisms in Food and Water: Health Implications and Environmental Risk 389Bhoirob Gogoi, Neehasri Kumar Chowdhury, Suprity Shyam, Reshma Choudhury, Mitali Chetia, Tanushree Basumatary, and Hemen Sarma26.1 Introduction 38926.2 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens in Food and Drinking Water 39026.3 Food as a Non-Droplet Spreading Route of Pathogen 39626.4 Water is a Carrier of SARS-CoV-2 With Other Pathogens 39926.5 Eradication Methods of Pathogen for Safety and Sustainability 40026.6 Disadvantage of Chemical Remediation of Foodborne Pathogen 40026.7 Biological Remediation and its Advantage 40326.8 Conclusion 404Acknowledgments 405Conflict of Interest 405Funding 405Credit Author Statement 405References 40527 Modifying the Anthropocene Equation with One Health Concept 411Nalika R. Dayananda27.1 “A” for Anthropocene 41127.2 The Inseparability of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health; One Health Concept 41227.3 Trends in Global Environmental Change in Recent Anthropocene 41327.4 Challenges to One Health in the Recent Anthropocene 41427.5 From One Health Concept to Practice 41627.6 Conclusion 417References 41828 Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Soils 421G.A.H. Galahitigama and N.P.M. Abeysinghe28.1 Introduction 42128.2 Bioavailability Process in Soil 42128.3 Factors Affecting Bioavailability Process 42328.4 Soil–Plant Transfer of Trace Elements 42428.5 Strategies Used to Control the Bioavailability of TEs 42528.6 Remarks 430References 43129 “Light” as an Environmental Factor for the Well-Being of the “Plant, Animal, and Human Triad” 435Prasada Rao Allu, Lakshmi Badrinarayanan, and Sailaja V. Elchuri29.1 Introduction 43529.2 Phototropic Movements in Retina and Visual Function 43529.3 Phototropism in Plants 43629.4 Phototropisms and Phototaxis in Animals 43729.5 Photomorphogenesis 43829.6 Photosynthesis 43829.7 Heliotropic Movements in Animals, Humans, and Plants 43929.8 Heliotropic Movements in Plants – Case Study of Plants Grown at University of Hyderabad 43929.9 Solar Tracking can be Modeled by Quantum Mechanics 44229.10 Genetic Basis of Movements 44229.11 Vision in Animals, Unicellular to Multicellular Organism, and Rhodopsin Cycle 44429.12 Optogenetics: Photoreceptors, Neural Circuits, and Light-Induced Channels 44629.13 Metabolites, Circadian Clock, and Sleep Pattern in Humans Under Altered Light Conditions 44729.14 Light Therapy for Human Diseases 44829.15 Conclusion and Prospects 450Acknowledgments 450References 451Index 457