Nineteenth Century British Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals

Stuart Anderson is emeritus professor in pharmacy history at the Centre for History in Public Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. He is the author of Pharmacy and Professionalization in the British Empire, 1780-1970 (Palgrave McMillan, 2021), and his book Pharmacopoeias, Drug Regulation, and Empire: Making Medicines Official in Britain’s Imperial World, 1681-1968 will be published by McGill-Queen’s University Press in 2024. He was the editor of Making Medicines: A Brief History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals (Pharmaceutical Press, 2005) and is the editor of the international journal Pharmaceutical Historian. He is a past chair of the Society for the Social History of Medicine, a past president of the British Society for the History of Pharmacy and was president of the International Academy for the History of Pharmacy 2009 to 2017. He is a Fellow of both the Royal Pharmaceutical Society and the Royal Historical Society.

• Volume 1. Profession – From Apothecary to Pharmacist AcknowledgementsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume 1 Part 1. Apothecaries and chemists and druggists before 1841 1. J. M. Good, The History of Medicine so far as it relates to the Profession of the Apothecary from the earliest accounts to the present period (London: Printed for C. Dilly, T. Evatt and Co., 1795), pp. 146–72. 2. J. Bell and T. Redwood, ‘The Association of Apothecaries in 1812’, Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy (London: Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1880), pp. 68–70. 3. The Apothecaries Act 1815: An Act for Better Regulating the Practice of Apothecaries throughout England and Wales (55 Geo III. C.A.P. CXCIV, 12 July 1815), pp. 1–7.4. The Book of Trades (London: A. K. Newman, 1829) Entries for ‘Apothecary’ (p. 5) and ‘Chemist and Druggist’ (p. 30). 5. ‘Repeal of the Apothecaries Act: Abuses in the profession’, London Medical and Surgical Journal (13 April 1833), pp. 341–2. 6. ‘Medical Profession Bill’, Lancet 2 (27 March 1841), pp. 30–1. 7. ‘Petition from the London Society of Apothecaries’, Lancet 2 (10 April 1841), pp. 105–7.8. ‘Medicine and pharmacy’, Lancet 2 (9 April 1842), pp. 53–4.Part 2. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1841–1880 9. ‘Lesson for prescribing druggists’, Lancet 2 (9 April 1842), pp. 51–3.10. ‘President’s address’, Pharmaceutical Journal (12 January 1842), pp. 391–4.11. Bill to regulate medical profession’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 April 1842), p. 505. 12. ‘Pharmacy in Great Britain, part 1’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 April 1842), p. 507–10.13. Definition of the term chemist and druggist’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 April 1842), p. 329–31. 14. ‘Progress of the Society’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 April 1842), p. 209–11. 15. ‘Laws and constitution of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 April 1842), p. 359–62. 16. ‘List of the founders’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 April 1842), pp. 363–4.17. ‘First annual meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1842), pp. 633–48. 18. ‘Proposal for a College of Pharmacy’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1846), pp. 557–63.19. ‘The proper functions of a College of Pharmacy’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1846), pp. 387–9.20. ‘Evidence respecting pharmacy before the Parliamentary Committee’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1848), pp. 553–6.21. ‘The Apothecaries Act of 1815’. Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (5 March 1851), pp. 138–9.22. ‘Licentiates of the College of Physicians’, Historical Sketch (1880), p. 299.23. ‘Proposed Interference by Medical Council’, Historical Sketch (1880), pp. 320–8. 24. ‘Deputation to Home Secretary’, Historical Sketch (1880), pp. 334–41.25. ‘Major Associates’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 February 1873), pp. 612–13.26. ‘Formation of a Chemists’ Defence Association’, Chemist and Druggist (15 July 1876), pp. 237–44.27. ‘W. D. Savage, ‘The relative positions of the apothecaries and the chemists and druggists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (15 April 1876), pp. 836–8. 28. ‘United Society of Chemists and Druggists’, Historical Sketch (1880), pp. 300–1. Part 3. Pharmacy legislation 29. Royal Charter of Incorporation, Granted to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (London: Privy Council, 18 February 1843), pp. 1–9. 30. ‘Pharmacy Bill’, Hansard, House of Commons Debates, vol. 119 (17 March 1852), cc. 1218–22. 31. Pharmacy Act (15 & 16 Vict. Cap. LVI, 30 June 1852). 32. Medical Act: An Act to regulate the Qualifications of Practitioners in Medicine and Surgery (1858 Chapter 90, 2 August 1858), selected sections.33. Offences Against the Person Act (24 & 25 Vict. Chapter 100, 6 August 1861), selected sections.34. Second Reading of two Pharmacy Bills’, Hansard, House of Commons Debates, vol. 178 (29 March 1865), cc. 470–9. 35. ‘Report of the Pharmacy Bill Committee’, Minutes of the General Medical Council (London: 4 July 1868), pp. 260–5. 36. An Act to regulate the Sale of Poisons, and alter and amend the Pharmacy Act 1852 (31 & 52 Vict. Cap. CXXI, 31 July 1868).37. An Act to Amend the Pharmacy Act (31 & 32 Vict. Chapter 117, 11 August 1869).38. ‘On Pharmaceutical Legislation, 1868’, Historical Sketch (1880), pp. 344–56. 39. ‘Pharmacy Acts Amendment Bill’, Hansard, House of Lords Debates, vol. 323 (06 March 1888), cc. 328–30.40. Pharmacy Acts Amendment Act (61 & 62 Vict. Chapter 25, 25 July 1898).41. Supplemental Charter granted to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (London: Privy Council, 27 March 1901), pp. 1–2. 42. An Act to regulate the sale of certain poisonous substances and to amend the Pharmacy Acts (Edw. 7 & 8. Chapter 55, 21 December 1908).Part 4. Women in pharmacy 43. ‘Women and pharmacy’, Minutes of the Library, Museum and Laboratory Committee, Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (9 October 1861), p. 126. 44. ‘Lady students’, Pharmaceutical Journal (5 October 1872), pp. 268–9.45. ‘Lady pharmacists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (12 October 1872), p. 294. 46. ‘Lady pharmacists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (16 November 1872), p. 390.47. ‘Women as chemists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (30 November 1872), pp. 423–4. 48. ‘Women as pharmacists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (31 December 1872), p. 489.49. ‘Women as pharmacists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (4 January 1873), p. 534. 50. ‘Pharmaceutical Women’, Pharmaceutical Journal (25 January 1873), p. 588–9. 51. ‘Women as pharmacists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 February 1873), p. 614. 52. ‘Pharmaceutical Women’, Pharmaceutical Journal (8 February 1873), pp. 629–31. 53. ‘Pharmaceutical Women’, Pharmaceutical Journal (22 February 1873), p. 679. 54. ‘Pharmaceutical Women’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 March 1873), p. 698–9.55. ‘Pharmaceutical Women’, Pharmaceutical Journal (8 March 1873), p. 720. 56. ‘Pharmaceutical Women’, Pharmaceutical Journal (15 March 1873), p. 738-9. 57. ‘Women in pharmacy’, Pharmaceutical Journal (5 April 1873), p. 800. 58. ‘Pharmaceutical Women’, Pharmaceutical Journal (26 April 1873), p. 860. 59. ‘Women in pharmacy’, Pharmaceutical Journal (24 May 1873), pp. 936–941. 60. ‘Admission of women as members’, Pharmaceutical Journal (31 May 1873), p. 968. 61. ‘Admission of women to medical profession’, Lancet 2 (7 August 1875), p. 213. 62. ‘Women in pharmacy’, Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal 9 (1875–76), pp. 299–300. 63. ‘Lady pharmacists’, Chemist and Druggist (30 July 1892), pp. 143–6. 64. M. Buchanan, ‘The present position of women in pharmacy’, Pharmaceutical Journal (23 May 1908), pp. 675–8. Part 5. Education and qualifications 65. ‘The late regulations at Apothecaries’ Hall’, London Medical and Surgical Journal (16 May 1835), pp. 505–7.66. ‘Opening of the school of pharmacy’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1842), p. 649.67. J. Bell, ‘On voluntary and compulsory education’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 November 1843), pp. 193–5.68. ‘The Examination of chemists and druggists’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1846), pp. 529–32.69. ‘The Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 January 1848), pp. 297–300.70. ‘The Qualifications and Remuneration of Assistants’, Pharmaceutical Journal (24 August 1872), p. 147.71. P. Princep, ‘Examinations of the Pharmaceutical Society and How to Study for them’, Chemist and Druggist (15 March 1878), pp. 96–9.72. ‘Schedule of subjects of the minor examination, effective July 1891’, Calendar of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (London: Pharmaceutical Society, 1891), pp. 210–5. 73. ‘New examination regulations,’ Pharmaceutical Journal (21 November 1891), pp. 407–8.74. G. S. V. Wills, ‘Concerning examinations’, in A Jubilee Souvenir: The Work of G.S.V. Wills and the Westminster College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, (Stratford–on–Avon: Wilson and Whitworth, 1899), pp. 131–41. 75. G. S. V. Wills, ‘Attempt to enforce a curriculum’, in A Jubilee Souvenir: The Work of G.S.V. Wills and the Westminster College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, (Stratford–on–Avon: Wilson and Whitworth, 1899), pp. 142–51. 76. ‘Qualification of dispensers’, Pharmaceutical Journal (15 February 1902), pp.122–3.Part 6. Pharmacy curriculum and texts 77. A. Duncan, Jr, Edinburgh New Dispensatory... including complete ... translations of the ... London pharmacopoeia, published in 1791; Dublin pharmacopoeia, published in 1794; and of the new ed. of the Edinburgh pharmacopoeia (Edinburgh: Bell and Bradfute, 1803), preface, pp. v–x.78. A. Thomson, ‘Introductory lecture on materia medica’, Pharmaceutical Journal(1 June 1842), pp. 466–70.79. A. Ure, ‘Introductory lecture on chemistry’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1842), pp. 524–9.80. T. Redwood, ‘Introductory lecture on practical pharmacy’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1842), pp. 538–41.81. J. Pereira, ‘Introductory lecture on materia medica’, Pharmaceutical Journal (1 June 1842), pp. 565–71.82. J. Pereira, ‘Pharmacological remedies’, in The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, comprehending the natural history, preparation, properties, composition, effects and uses of medicines, volume 1 (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1849), pp. 79–86.83. F. Mohr and T. Redwood, ‘Preface’, in Practical Pharmacy: the arrangements, apparatus, and manipulations of the pharmaceutical shop and laboratory (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1849), pp. vii–viii.84. F. Mohr and T. Redwood, ‘Division of the Shop into Compartments’ and ‘Dispensing Counter’, in Practical Pharmacy: the arrangements, apparatus, and manipulations of the pharmaceutical shop and laboratory (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1849), pp. 14–24.85. F. Mohr and T. Redwood, ‘The dispensing of medicines’, in Practical Pharmacy: the arrangements, apparatus, and manipulations of the pharmaceutical shop and laboratory (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1849), pp. 325–36. 86. A. T. Thomson, ‘Elements of pharmacy’, in The London Dispensatory: a practical synopsis of materia medica, pharmacy, and therapeutics: illustrated with many useful tables, and woodcuts of the pharmaceutical apparatus (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1852), pp. v–vii.87. J. Muter, ‘Modern theories of chemistry’, in Introduction to pharmaceutical and medical chemistry (London: South London School of Pharmacy, 1874), pp. 1–28. 88. J. T. Royle, ‘Introduction’, in Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics: including the preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia and other approved medicines (London: John Churchill, 1876), pp. 1–4. 89. J. T. Royle, ‘Operations of Pharmacy’, in Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics: including the preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia and other approved medicines (London: John Churchill, 1876), pp. 5–20.90. G. S. V. Wills, ‘Preface’, in A Manual of Vegetable Materia Medica, sixth edition, (London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co), 1883, p. i.91. G. S. V. Wills, ‘Questions in Materia Medica’, in A Manual of Vegetable Materia Medica, sixth edition, (London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co., 1883), pp. 115–6,148–49. Index