Introduction to Electric Power and Drive Systems

Paul C. Krause is Board Chairman of PC Krause and Associates Inc. (PCKA), and a retired Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. He has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and is the co-author of Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, Third Edition (Wiley-IEEE Press), and Electromechanical Motion Devices, Second Edition (Wiley-IEEE Press). He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE and was the 2010 recipient of the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award.Oleg Wasynczuk is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University and Chief Technical Officer of PCKA. He has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and is the co-author of Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, Third Edition (Wiley-IEEE Press), and Electromechanical Motion Devices, Second Edition (Wiley-IEEE Press). He is a Fellow of the IEEE and was the 2008 recipient of the IEEE PES Cyril Veinott Electromechanical Energy Conversion Award.Timothy O'Connell is a Senior Lead Engineer at PCKA, where he leads a multi-member industry modeling and simulation team supporting the design and analysis of more electric aircraft. He has authored or co-authored over 20 technical papers on electric machine analysis and design, aerospace power systems, and modeling and simulation. He is a Senior Member of IEEE.Maher Hasan is a Senior Lead Engineer at PCKA, where he has led several software development efforts for the simulation of circuits and electromechanical and power systems, and is involved in modeling and simulation in support of multiple efforts. He has authored or co-authored several technical papers in the fields of dynamic simulation and numerical methods.

• ABOUT THE AUTHORS ix PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT xiCHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Phasor Analysis and Power Calculations 1Power and Reactive Power 51.3 Elementary Magnetic Circuits 8Field Energy and Coenergy 131.4 Stationary Coupled Circuits 16Magnetically Linear Transformer 16Field Energy 201.5 Coupled Circuits in Relative Motion 22Field Energy 251.6 Electromagnetic Force and Torque 261.7 Elementary Electromechanical Device 321.8 Two- and Three-Phase Systems 35Two-Phase Systems 35Three-Phase Systems 37References 40Problems 40CHAPTER 2 ELECTRIC MACHINES 432.1 Introduction 432.2 Fundamentals of Electric Machine Analysis 44Concentrated Winding 44Distributed Windings 47Rotating Air-Gap MMF – Tesla’s Rotating Magnetic Field 52Two-Pole Two-Phase Stator 52Three-Phase Stator 56P-Pole Machines 58Machine Inductances 622.3 Two-Phase Permanent-Magnet AC Machine 632.4 Analysis of a Two-Phase Permanent-Magnet AC Machine 69Transformation 70Steady-State Analysis 772.5 Three-Phase Permanent-Magnet AC Machine 81Voltage Equations and Winding Inductances 82Torque 83The qsr-, dsr-, and 0s- Equations 84References 89Problems 89CHAPTER 3 POWER ELECTRONICS 913.1 Introduction 913.2 Switching-Circuit Fundamentals 91Power Conversion Principles 92Fourier Analysis 95Switches and Switching Functions 97Energy Storage Elements 1013.3 DC-DC Conversion 103Buck Converter 104Boost Converter 113Advanced Circuit Topologies 1183.4 AC-DC Conversion 118Half-Wave Rectifier 118Full-Wave Rectifier 1253.5 DC-AC Conversion 133Single-Phase Inverter 133Three-Phase Inverter 1363.6 Harmonics and Distortion 144References 147Problems 147CHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE AND SIMULATION OF AN ELECTRIC DRIVE 1494.1 Introduction 1494.2 Operating Modes of a Brushless DC Motor 149Brushless DC Motor Operation with 𝜙𝑣 = 0 150Maximum Torque Per Volt Operation of a Brushless DC Motor (𝜙𝑣 = 𝜙𝑣MT¨MV ) 155Maximum Torque Per Ampere Operation of a Brushless DC Motor (𝜙𝑣 = 𝜙𝑣MT¨MA) 1604.3 Operation of a Brushless DC Drive 164Operation of Brushless DC Drive with 𝜙𝑣 = 0 166Operation of Brushless DC Drive with 𝜙𝑣 = 𝜙𝑣MT¨MV 170Operation of Brushless DC Drive with 𝜙𝑣 = 𝜙𝑣MT¨MA 172Modes of Control of a Brushless DC Drive 1744.4 Simulation of a Brushless DC Drive 180Simulation of Coupled Circuits 180Simulation of Drive Inverter and Transformation 181Simulation of Permanent-Magnet AC Machine 183References 186Problems 186CHAPTER 5 POWER SYSTEMS 1875.1 Introduction 1875.2 Three-Phase Transformer Connections 187Wye-Wye Connection 188Delta-Delta Connection 190Wye-Delta or Delta-Wye Connection 191Ideal Transformers 1925.3 Synchronous Generator 193Damper Windings 198Torque 198Steady-State Operation and Rotor Angle 1985.4 Reactive Power and Power Factor Correction 2045.5 Per Unit System 209Per Unitizing the Synchronous Generator 2105.6 Discussion of Transient Stability 215Three-Phase Fault 215References 220Problems 220APPENDIXA TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONS, CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS, AND ABBREVIATIONS 221APPENDIX B WINDING INDUCTANCES 225APPENDIXC ANIMATIONS 229INDEX 231