James Momoh was chair of the Electrical Engineering Department at Howard University and director of the Center for Energy Systems and Control. In 1987, Momoh received a National Science Foundation (NSF) Presidential Young Investigator Award. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Distinguished Fellow of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE). His current research activities for utility firms and government agencies span several areas in systems engineering, optimization, and energy systems' control of complex and dynamic networks. Lamine Mili is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. An IEEE Senior Member, Dr. Mili is also a member of Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association. His research interests include risk assessment and management of critical infrastructures; power system analysis and control; bifurcation theory and chaos; and robust statistics as applied to engineering problems.

• Preface ixContributors xi1 A FRAMEWORK FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 1James Momoh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Power System Challenges 41.2.1 The Power System Modeling and Computational Challenge 51.2.2 Modeling and Computational Techniques 61.2.3 New Interdisciplinary Curriculum for the Electric Power Network 61.3 Solution of the EPNES Architecture 61.3.1 Modular Description of the EPNES Architecture 61.3.2 Some Expectations of Studies Using EPNES Benchmark Test Beds 71.4 Test Beds for EPNES 81.4.1 Power System Model for the Navy 81.4.2 Civil Test Bed—179-Bus WSCC Benchmark Power System 101.5 Examples of Funded Research Work in Response to the EPNES Solicitation 101.5.1 Funded Research by Topical Areas/Groups under the EPNES Award 101.5.2 EPNES Award Distribution 121.6 Future Directions of EPNES 131.7 Conclusions 142 DYNAMICAL MODELS IN FAULT-TOLERANT OPERATION AND CONTROL OF ENERGY PROCESSING SYSTEMS 15Christoforos N. Hadjicostis, Hugo Rodr´ıguez Cort´es, Aleksandar M. Stankovic2.1 Introduction 152.2 Model-Based Fault Detection 162.2.1 Fault Detection via Analytic Redundancy 172.2.2 Failure Detection Filters 172.3 Detuning Detection and Accommodation on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors 192.3.1 Detuned Operation of Current-Fed Indirect Field-Oriented Controlled Induction Motors 202.3.2 Detection of the Detuned Operation 242.3.3 Estimation of the Magnetizing Flux 262.3.4 Accommodation of the Detuning Operation 272.3.5 Simulations 282.4 Broken Rotor Bar Detection on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors 282.4.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Model with Broken Rotor Bars 292.4.2 Broken Rotor Bar Detection 312.5 Fault Detection on Power Systems 352.5.1 The Model 352.5.2 Class of Events 372.5.3 The Navy Electric Ship Example 382.5.4 Fault Detection Scheme 392.5.5 Numerical Simulations 412.6 Conclusions 433 INTELLIGENT POWER ROUTERS: DISTRIBUTED COORDINATION FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY PROCESSING NETWORKS 47Agust´ın A. Irizarry-Rivera, Manuel Rodr´ıguez-Mart´ınez, Bienvenido V´elez, Miguel V´elez-Reyes, Alberto R. Ramirez-Orquin, Efra´ın O’Neill-Carrillo, Jos´e R. Cede˜no3.1 Introduction 473.2 Overview of the Intelligent Power Router Concept 483.3 IPR Architecture and Software Module 503.4 IPR Communication Protocols 553.4.1 State of the Art 553.4.2 Restoration of Electrical Energy Networks with IPRs 593.4.3 Mathematical Formulation 603.4.4 IPR Network Architecture 603.4.5 Islanding-Zone Approach via IPR 613.4.6 Negotiation in Two Phases 623.4.7 Experimental Results 653.5 Risk Assessment of a System Operating with IPR 653.5.1 IPR Components 653.5.2 Configuration 663.5.3 Example 663.6 Distributed Control Models 713.6.1 Distributed Control of Electronic Power Distribution Systems 713.6.2 Integrated Power System in Ship Architecture 743.6.3 DC Zonal Electric Distribution System 763.6.4 Implementation of the Reconfiguration Logic 773.6.5 Conclusion 773.7 Reconfiguration 793.8 Economics Issues of the Intelligent Power Router Service 793.8.1 The Standard Market Design (SMD) Environment 803.8.2 The Ancillary Service (A/S) Context 813.8.3 Reliability Aspects of Ancillary Services 813.8.4 The IPR Technical/Social/Economical Potential for Optimality 813.8.5 Proposed Definition for the Intelligent Power Router Ancillary Service 823.8.6 Summary 823.9 Conclusions 824 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER USING MICROMECHANICAL SWITCHES 87George G. Karady, Gerald T. Heydt, Esma Gel, Norma Hubele4.1 Introduction 874.2 Overview of Technology 884.2.1 Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker 884.2.2 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Switches (MEMS) 904.3 The Concept of a MEMS-Based Circuit Breaker 924.3.1 Circuit Description 924.3.2 Operational Principle 934.3.3 Current Interruption 944.3.4 Switch Closing 944.4 Investigation of Switching Array Operation 954.4.1 Model Development 974.4.2 Analysis of Current Interruption and Load Energization 974.4.3 Effect of Delayed Opening of Switches 1004.4.4 A Block of Switch Fails to Open 1024.4.5 Effect of Delayed Closing of Switches 1034.4.6 One Set of Switches Fails to Close 1034.4.7 Summary of Simulation Results 1044.5 Reliability Analyses 1054.5.1 Approximations to Estimate Reliability 1064.5.2 Computational Results 1084.6 Proof of Principle Experiment 1094.6.1 Circuit Breaker Construction 1094.6.2 Control Circuit 1114.7 Circuit Breaker Design 1144.8 Conclusions 1155 GIS-BASED SIMULATION STUDIES FOR POWER SYSTEMS EDUCATION 119Ralph D. Badinelli, Virgilio Centeno, Boonyarit Intiyot5.1 Overview 1195.1.1 Case Studies 1215.1.2 Generic Decision Model Structure 1235.1.3 Simulation Modeling 1265.1.4 Interfacing 1305.2 Concepts for Modeling Power System Management and Control 1335.2.1 Large-Scale Optimization and Hierarchical Planning 1335.2.2 Sequential Decision Processes and Adaptation 1375.2.3 Stochastic Decisions and Risk Modeling 1405.2.4 Group Decision Making and Markets 1415.2.5 Power System Simulation Objects 1425.3 Grid Operation Models and Methods 1435.3.1 Randomized Load Simulator 1445.3.2 Market Maker 1465.3.3 The Commitment Planner 1505.3.4 Implementation 1536 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MOMENTUM CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM: A SOCIAL-SCIENCE SYSTEMS APPROACH 157Richard F. Hirsh, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Ralph D. Badinelli6.1 Introduction 1576.2 Overview of Concepts 1586.2.1 Using the Systems Approach to Understand Change in the Utility System 1586.2.2 Origins and Growth of Momentum in the Electric Utility System 1596.2.3 Politics and System Momentum Change 1616.3 Application of Principles 1636.3.1 The Possibility of Distributed Generation and New Momentum 1646.3.2 Impediments to Decentralized Electricity Generation 1666.4 Practical Consequences: Distributed Generation as a Business Enterprise 1686.5 Aggregated Dispatch as a Means to Stimulate Economic Momentum with DG 1706.6 Conclusion 172

James Momoh was chair of the Electrical Engineering Department at Howard University and director of the Center for Energy Systems and Control. In 1987, Momoh received a National Science Foundation (NSF) Presidential Young Investigator Award. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Distinguished Fellow of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE). His current research activities for utility firms and government agencies span several areas in systems engineering, optimization, and energy systems' control of complex and dynamic networks. Lamine Mili is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. An IEEE Senior Member, Dr. Mili is also a member of Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association. His research interests include risk assessment and management of critical infrastructures; power system analysis and control; bifurcation theory and chaos; and robust statistics as applied to engineering problems.

• Preface ixContributors xi1 A FRAMEWORK FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 1James Momoh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Power System Challenges 41.2.1 The Power System Modeling and Computational Challenge 51.2.2 Modeling and Computational Techniques 61.2.3 New Interdisciplinary Curriculum for the Electric Power Network 61.3 Solution of the EPNES Architecture 61.3.1 Modular Description of the EPNES Architecture 61.3.2 Some Expectations of Studies Using EPNES Benchmark Test Beds 71.4 Test Beds for EPNES 81.4.1 Power System Model for the Navy 81.4.2 Civil Test Bed—179-Bus WSCC Benchmark Power System 101.5 Examples of Funded Research Work in Response to the EPNES Solicitation 101.5.1 Funded Research by Topical Areas/Groups under the EPNES Award 101.5.2 EPNES Award Distribution 121.6 Future Directions of EPNES 131.7 Conclusions 142 DYNAMICAL MODELS IN FAULT-TOLERANT OPERATION AND CONTROL OF ENERGY PROCESSING SYSTEMS 15Christoforos N. Hadjicostis, Hugo Rodr´ıguez Cort´es, Aleksandar M. Stankovic2.1 Introduction 152.2 Model-Based Fault Detection 162.2.1 Fault Detection via Analytic Redundancy 172.2.2 Failure Detection Filters 172.3 Detuning Detection and Accommodation on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors 192.3.1 Detuned Operation of Current-Fed Indirect Field-Oriented Controlled Induction Motors 202.3.2 Detection of the Detuned Operation 242.3.3 Estimation of the Magnetizing Flux 262.3.4 Accommodation of the Detuning Operation 272.3.5 Simulations 282.4 Broken Rotor Bar Detection on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors 282.4.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Model with Broken Rotor Bars 292.4.2 Broken Rotor Bar Detection 312.5 Fault Detection on Power Systems 352.5.1 The Model 352.5.2 Class of Events 372.5.3 The Navy Electric Ship Example 382.5.4 Fault Detection Scheme 392.5.5 Numerical Simulations 412.6 Conclusions 433 INTELLIGENT POWER ROUTERS: DISTRIBUTED COORDINATION FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY PROCESSING NETWORKS 47Agust´ın A. Irizarry-Rivera, Manuel Rodr´ıguez-Mart´ınez, Bienvenido V´elez, Miguel V´elez-Reyes, Alberto R. Ramirez-Orquin, Efra´ın O’Neill-Carrillo, Jos´e R. Cede˜no3.1 Introduction 473.2 Overview of the Intelligent Power Router Concept 483.3 IPR Architecture and Software Module 503.4 IPR Communication Protocols 553.4.1 State of the Art 553.4.2 Restoration of Electrical Energy Networks with IPRs 593.4.3 Mathematical Formulation 603.4.4 IPR Network Architecture 603.4.5 Islanding-Zone Approach via IPR 613.4.6 Negotiation in Two Phases 623.4.7 Experimental Results 653.5 Risk Assessment of a System Operating with IPR 653.5.1 IPR Components 653.5.2 Configuration 663.5.3 Example 663.6 Distributed Control Models 713.6.1 Distributed Control of Electronic Power Distribution Systems 713.6.2 Integrated Power System in Ship Architecture 743.6.3 DC Zonal Electric Distribution System 763.6.4 Implementation of the Reconfiguration Logic 773.6.5 Conclusion 773.7 Reconfiguration 793.8 Economics Issues of the Intelligent Power Router Service 793.8.1 The Standard Market Design (SMD) Environment 803.8.2 The Ancillary Service (A/S) Context 813.8.3 Reliability Aspects of Ancillary Services 813.8.4 The IPR Technical/Social/Economical Potential for Optimality 813.8.5 Proposed Definition for the Intelligent Power Router Ancillary Service 823.8.6 Summary 823.9 Conclusions 824 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER USING MICROMECHANICAL SWITCHES 87George G. Karady, Gerald T. Heydt, Esma Gel, Norma Hubele4.1 Introduction 874.2 Overview of Technology 884.2.1 Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker 884.2.2 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Switches (MEMS) 904.3 The Concept of a MEMS-Based Circuit Breaker 924.3.1 Circuit Description 924.3.2 Operational Principle 934.3.3 Current Interruption 944.3.4 Switch Closing 944.4 Investigation of Switching Array Operation 954.4.1 Model Development 974.4.2 Analysis of Current Interruption and Load Energization 974.4.3 Effect of Delayed Opening of Switches 1004.4.4 A Block of Switch Fails to Open 1024.4.5 Effect of Delayed Closing of Switches 1034.4.6 One Set of Switches Fails to Close 1034.4.7 Summary of Simulation Results 1044.5 Reliability Analyses 1054.5.1 Approximations to Estimate Reliability 1064.5.2 Computational Results 1084.6 Proof of Principle Experiment 1094.6.1 Circuit Breaker Construction 1094.6.2 Control Circuit 1114.7 Circuit Breaker Design 1144.8 Conclusions 1155 GIS-BASED SIMULATION STUDIES FOR POWER SYSTEMS EDUCATION 119Ralph D. Badinelli, Virgilio Centeno, Boonyarit Intiyot5.1 Overview 1195.1.1 Case Studies 1215.1.2 Generic Decision Model Structure 1235.1.3 Simulation Modeling 1265.1.4 Interfacing 1305.2 Concepts for Modeling Power System Management and Control 1335.2.1 Large-Scale Optimization and Hierarchical Planning 1335.2.2 Sequential Decision Processes and Adaptation 1375.2.3 Stochastic Decisions and Risk Modeling 1405.2.4 Group Decision Making and Markets 1415.2.5 Power System Simulation Objects 1425.3 Grid Operation Models and Methods 1435.3.1 Randomized Load Simulator 1445.3.2 Market Maker 1465.3.3 The Commitment Planner 1505.3.4 Implementation 1536 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MOMENTUM CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM: A SOCIAL-SCIENCE SYSTEMS APPROACH 157Richard F. Hirsh, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Ralph D. Badinelli6.1 Introduction 1576.2 Overview of Concepts 1586.2.1 Using the Systems Approach to Understand Change in the Utility System 1586.2.2 Origins and Growth of Momentum in the Electric Utility System 1596.2.3 Politics and System Momentum Change 1616.3 Application of Principles 1636.3.1 The Possibility of Distributed Generation and New Momentum 1646.3.2 Impediments to Decentralized Electricity Generation 1666.4 Practical Consequences: Distributed Generation as a Business Enterprise 1686.5 Aggregated Dispatch as a Means to Stimulate Economic Momentum with DG 1706.6 Conclusion 172

James Momoh was chair of the Electrical Engineering Department at Howard University and director of the Center for Energy Systems and Control. In 1987, Momoh received a National Science Foundation (NSF) Presidential Young Investigator Award. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Distinguished Fellow of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE). His current research activities for utility firms and government agencies span several areas in systems engineering, optimization, and energy systems' control of complex and dynamic networks. Lamine Mili is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. An IEEE Senior Member, Dr. Mili is also a member of Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association. His research interests include risk assessment and management of critical infrastructures; power system analysis and control; bifurcation theory and chaos; and robust statistics as applied to engineering problems.

• Preface ixContributors xi1 A FRAMEWORK FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 1James Momoh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Power System Challenges 41.2.1 The Power System Modeling and Computational Challenge 51.2.2 Modeling and Computational Techniques 61.2.3 New Interdisciplinary Curriculum for the Electric Power Network 61.3 Solution of the EPNES Architecture 61.3.1 Modular Description of the EPNES Architecture 61.3.2 Some Expectations of Studies Using EPNES Benchmark Test Beds 71.4 Test Beds for EPNES 81.4.1 Power System Model for the Navy 81.4.2 Civil Test Bed—179-Bus WSCC Benchmark Power System 101.5 Examples of Funded Research Work in Response to the EPNES Solicitation 101.5.1 Funded Research by Topical Areas/Groups under the EPNES Award 101.5.2 EPNES Award Distribution 121.6 Future Directions of EPNES 131.7 Conclusions 142 DYNAMICAL MODELS IN FAULT-TOLERANT OPERATION AND CONTROL OF ENERGY PROCESSING SYSTEMS 15Christoforos N. Hadjicostis, Hugo Rodr´ıguez Cort´es, Aleksandar M. Stankovic2.1 Introduction 152.2 Model-Based Fault Detection 162.2.1 Fault Detection via Analytic Redundancy 172.2.2 Failure Detection Filters 172.3 Detuning Detection and Accommodation on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors 192.3.1 Detuned Operation of Current-Fed Indirect Field-Oriented Controlled Induction Motors 202.3.2 Detection of the Detuned Operation 242.3.3 Estimation of the Magnetizing Flux 262.3.4 Accommodation of the Detuning Operation 272.3.5 Simulations 282.4 Broken Rotor Bar Detection on IFOC-Driven Induction Motors 282.4.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Model with Broken Rotor Bars 292.4.2 Broken Rotor Bar Detection 312.5 Fault Detection on Power Systems 352.5.1 The Model 352.5.2 Class of Events 372.5.3 The Navy Electric Ship Example 382.5.4 Fault Detection Scheme 392.5.5 Numerical Simulations 412.6 Conclusions 433 INTELLIGENT POWER ROUTERS: DISTRIBUTED COORDINATION FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY PROCESSING NETWORKS 47Agust´ın A. Irizarry-Rivera, Manuel Rodr´ıguez-Mart´ınez, Bienvenido V´elez, Miguel V´elez-Reyes, Alberto R. Ramirez-Orquin, Efra´ın O’Neill-Carrillo, Jos´e R. Cede˜no3.1 Introduction 473.2 Overview of the Intelligent Power Router Concept 483.3 IPR Architecture and Software Module 503.4 IPR Communication Protocols 553.4.1 State of the Art 553.4.2 Restoration of Electrical Energy Networks with IPRs 593.4.3 Mathematical Formulation 603.4.4 IPR Network Architecture 603.4.5 Islanding-Zone Approach via IPR 613.4.6 Negotiation in Two Phases 623.4.7 Experimental Results 653.5 Risk Assessment of a System Operating with IPR 653.5.1 IPR Components 653.5.2 Configuration 663.5.3 Example 663.6 Distributed Control Models 713.6.1 Distributed Control of Electronic Power Distribution Systems 713.6.2 Integrated Power System in Ship Architecture 743.6.3 DC Zonal Electric Distribution System 763.6.4 Implementation of the Reconfiguration Logic 773.6.5 Conclusion 773.7 Reconfiguration 793.8 Economics Issues of the Intelligent Power Router Service 793.8.1 The Standard Market Design (SMD) Environment 803.8.2 The Ancillary Service (A/S) Context 813.8.3 Reliability Aspects of Ancillary Services 813.8.4 The IPR Technical/Social/Economical Potential for Optimality 813.8.5 Proposed Definition for the Intelligent Power Router Ancillary Service 823.8.6 Summary 823.9 Conclusions 824 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER USING MICROMECHANICAL SWITCHES 87George G. Karady, Gerald T. Heydt, Esma Gel, Norma Hubele4.1 Introduction 874.2 Overview of Technology 884.2.1 Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker 884.2.2 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Switches (MEMS) 904.3 The Concept of a MEMS-Based Circuit Breaker 924.3.1 Circuit Description 924.3.2 Operational Principle 934.3.3 Current Interruption 944.3.4 Switch Closing 944.4 Investigation of Switching Array Operation 954.4.1 Model Development 974.4.2 Analysis of Current Interruption and Load Energization 974.4.3 Effect of Delayed Opening of Switches 1004.4.4 A Block of Switch Fails to Open 1024.4.5 Effect of Delayed Closing of Switches 1034.4.6 One Set of Switches Fails to Close 1034.4.7 Summary of Simulation Results 1044.5 Reliability Analyses 1054.5.1 Approximations to Estimate Reliability 1064.5.2 Computational Results 1084.6 Proof of Principle Experiment 1094.6.1 Circuit Breaker Construction 1094.6.2 Control Circuit 1114.7 Circuit Breaker Design 1144.8 Conclusions 1155 GIS-BASED SIMULATION STUDIES FOR POWER SYSTEMS EDUCATION 119Ralph D. Badinelli, Virgilio Centeno, Boonyarit Intiyot5.1 Overview 1195.1.1 Case Studies 1215.1.2 Generic Decision Model Structure 1235.1.3 Simulation Modeling 1265.1.4 Interfacing 1305.2 Concepts for Modeling Power System Management and Control 1335.2.1 Large-Scale Optimization and Hierarchical Planning 1335.2.2 Sequential Decision Processes and Adaptation 1375.2.3 Stochastic Decisions and Risk Modeling 1405.2.4 Group Decision Making and Markets 1415.2.5 Power System Simulation Objects 1425.3 Grid Operation Models and Methods 1435.3.1 Randomized Load Simulator 1445.3.2 Market Maker 1465.3.3 The Commitment Planner 1505.3.4 Implementation 1536 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MOMENTUM CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM: A SOCIAL-SCIENCE SYSTEMS APPROACH 157Richard F. Hirsh, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Ralph D. Badinelli6.1 Introduction 1576.2 Overview of Concepts 1586.2.1 Using the Systems Approach to Understand Change in the Utility System 1586.2.2 Origins and Growth of Momentum in the Electric Utility System 1596.2.3 Politics and System Momentum Change 1616.3 Application of Principles 1636.3.1 The Possibility of Distributed Generation and New Momentum 1646.3.2 Impediments to Decentralized Electricity Generation 1666.4 Practical Consequences: Distributed Generation as a Business Enterprise 1686.5 Aggregated Dispatch as a Means to Stimulate Economic Momentum with DG 1706.6 Conclusion 172