Imaging in Spine Surgery

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD is a Consultant for the Neuroradiology Division of the Department of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic Arizona, and Professor of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, in Phoenix, AZ

• SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUESNormal Anatomy OverviewCraniovertebral JunctionCervical SpineThoracic SpineLumbar SpineMeasurement TechniquesNormal Postoperative Change: Disc SpaceNormal Postoperative Change: Epidural SpaceMetal ArtifactSECTION 2: DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATIONDevices and Instrumentation OverviewPlates and ScrewsCagesSubaxial Posterior InstrumentationTranspedicular Screw FixationCervical Artificial DiscLumbar Artificial DiscInterspinous Spacing DevicesScoliosis and Devices InstrumentationPumps and CathetersSECTION 3: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERSBONY VARIATIONSC2-C3 FusionC1 AssimilationPonticulus PosticusOssiculum TerminaleParacondylar ProcessCondylus TertiusPosterior Arch RachischisisSplit AtlasDIAGNOSESOdontoid Hypoplasia/AplasiaC1 Dysmorphism/Hypoplastic ArchChiari 1Complex ChiariChiari 2Chiari 3MyelomeningoceleLipomyelomeningoceleLipomaDorsal Dermal SinusSimple Coccygeal DimpleDermoid CystsEpidermoid CystsTethered Spinal CordSegmental Spinal DysgenesisCaudal Regression SyndromeTerminal MyelocystoceleAnterior Sacral MeningoceleOccult Intrasacral MeningoceleSacrococcygeal TeratomaKlippel-Feil SpectrumFailure of Vertebral FormationVertebral Segmentation FailureDiastematomyeliaNeurenteric CystOs OdontoideumLateral MeningoceleGENETICNeurofibromatosis Type 1Neurofibromatosis Type 2Down SyndromeMucopolysaccharidosesAchondroplasiaOsteogenesis ImperfectaSpondyloepiphyseal DysplasiaSECTION 4: DISORDERS OF ALIGNMENTIntroduction to ScoliosisScoliosisKyphosisDegenerative ScoliosisScoliosis InstrumentationSpondylolisthesisInstabilitySECTION 5: TRAUMA VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCSFracture ClassificationAtlantooccipital DislocationLigamentous InjuryOccipital Condyle FractureJefferson C1 FractureAtlantoaxial Rotatory FixationOdontoid C2 FractureBurst C2 FractureHangman's C2 FractureApophyseal Ring FractureCervical Hyperflexion InjuryCervical Hyperextension InjuryCervical Burst FractureTraumatic Disc HerniationThoracic and Lumbar Burst FractureFracture DislocationChance FractureAnterior Compression FractureSacral Insufficiency FractureCORD, DURA, AND VESSELSPosttraumatic SyrinxPresyrinx EdemaSpinal Cord Contusion-HematomaIdiopathic Spinal Cord HerniationTraumatic Epidural HematomaTraumatic Subdural HematomaSECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDESDEGENERATIVE DISEASENomenclature of Degenerative Disc DiseaseDegenerative Disc DiseaseDegenerative Endplate ChangesDisc BulgeAnular Fissure, Intervertebral DiscCervical Intervertebral Disc HerniationThoracic Intervertebral Disc HerniationLumbar Intervertebral Disc HerniationIntervertebral Disc Extrusion, ForaminalCervical Facet ArthropathyLumbar Facet ArthropathyFacet Joint Synovial CystBaastrup DiseaseBertolotti SyndromeSchmorl NodeScheuermann DiseaseAcquired Lumbar Central StenosisCongenital Spinal StenosisCervical SpondylosisDISHOPLLOssification Ligamentum FlavumPeriodontoid PseudotumorSpondylolysisINFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDESAdult Rheumatoid ArthritisJuvenile Idiopathic ArthritisNeurogenic (Charcot) ArthropathyHemodialysis SpondyloarthropathyAnkylosing SpondylitisCPPDGoutSECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERSINFECTIONPathways of SpreadPyogenic OsteomyelitisTuberculous OsteomyelitisFungal and Miscellaneous OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis, C1-C2Septic Facet Joint ArthritisParaspinal AbscessEpidural AbscessAbscess, Spinal CordINFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNEAcute Transverse MyelopathyMultiple SclerosisNeuromyelitis OpticaADEMSarcoidosisGrisel SyndromeIgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic PachymeningitisSECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSESEXTRADURAL NEOPLASMSSpread of NeoplasmsBlastic Osseous MetastasesLytic Osseous MetastasesHemangiomaOsteoid OsteomaOsteoblastomaAneurysmal Bone CystGiant Cell TumorOsteochondromaChondrosarcomaOsteosarcomaChordomaEwing SarcomaLymphomaLeukemiaPlasmacytomaMultiple MyelomaNeuroblastic TumorINTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARYSchwannomaMeningiomaSolitary Fibrous Tumor/HemangiopericytomaNeurofibromaMalignant Nerve Sheath TumorsMetastases, CSF DisseminatedParagangliomaINTRAMEDULLARYAstrocytomaCellular EpendymomaMyxopapillary EpendymomaHemangioblastomaSpinal Cord MetastasesPrimary Melanocytic Neoplasms/MelanocytomaNONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICSCYSTSCSF Flow ArtifactMeningeal CystPerineural Root Sleeve CystSyringomyeliaTUMOR MIMICSFibrous DysplasiaKümmell DiseaseHirayama DiseasePaget DiseaseBone InfarctionExtramedullary HematopoiesisTumoral CalcinosisSECTION 9: VASCULAR DISORDERSVascular AnatomyApproach to Vascular ConditionsType 1 Vascular Malformation (Dural Arteriovenous Fistula)Type 2 Arteriovenous MalformationType 3 Arteriovenous MalformationType 4 Vascular Malformation (Arteriovenous Fistula)Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal DrainageCavernous MalformationSpinal Artery AneurysmSpinal Cord InfarctionSubarachnoid HemorrhageSpontaneous Epidural HematomaSubdural HematomaBow Hunter SyndromeVertebral DissectionCarotid DissectionFibromuscular DysplasiaSECTION 10: COMPLICATIONSComplications OverviewMyelography ComplicationsVertebroplasty ComplicationsFailed Back Surgery SyndromeEpidural Abscess, PostopDisc Space InfectionMeningitisCSF Leakage SyndromePseudomeningoceleDirect Cord TraumaVascular InjuryEpidural Hematoma, SpineInstrumentation FailureBone Graft ComplicationsrhBMP-2 ComplicationsHeterotopic Bone FormationRecurrent Disc HerniationPeridural FibrosisArachnoiditis/AdhesionsArachnoiditis OssificansAccelerated DegenerationPostsurgical DeformityRadiation MyelopathySECTION 11: REMOTE COMPLICATIONSRemote Complications OverviewDonor Site ComplicationsDeep Venous ThrombosisPulmonary EmbolismAspiration PneumoniaAcute Myocardial InfarctionCerebral InfarctionCerebellar HemorrhageIntracranial HypotensionExtraaxial Hematoma, BrainRetroperitoneal HemorrhageRetroperitoneal LymphoceleOphthalmic ComplicationsEsophageal PerforationAcute PancreatitisPseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium difficile)RhabdomyolysisBowel PerforationUreteral TraumaSECTION 12: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISBasilar InvaginationBasilar ImpressionCranial SettlingPlatybasiaIntrinsic Skull Base LesionForamen Magnum MassSECTION 13: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXUSNormal Plexus and Nerve AnatomySuperior Sulcus TumorThoracic Outlet SyndromeMuscle DenervationBrachial Plexus Traction InjuryIdiopathic Brachial Plexus NeuritisTraumatic NeuromaRadiation PlexopathyPeripheral Nerve Sheath TumorPeripheral NeurolymphomatosisHypertrophic NeuropathyFemoral NeuropathyUlnar NeuropathySuprascapular NeuropathyMedian NeuropathyCommon Peroneal NeuropathyTibial NeuropathySECTION 14: IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURESCERVICAL SPINEMedial Branch Block, Cervical SpineFacet Joint Injection, Cervical SpineSelective Nerve Root Block, Cervical SpineEpidural Steroid Injection, Cervical SpineTHORACIC SPINEMedial Branch Block, Thoracic SpineFacet Joint Injection, Thoracic SpineSelective Nerve Root Block, Thoracic SpineEpidural Steroid Injection, Thoracic SpineLUMBAR SPINEMedial Branch Block, Lumbar SpineFacet Joint Injection, Lumbar SpineSelective Nerve Root Block, Lumbar SpineEpidural Steroid Injection, Lumbar SpineVERTEBRAL BODYVertebroplastyKyphoplastySacroplastyVertebral BiopsyINTERVERTEBRAL DISCPercutaneous DiscectomyIntradiscal Electrothermal TherapyNucleoplastyDisc Aspiration/BiopsyPELVISPelvis AnatomySacroiliac Joint InjectionSacral Nerve Root BlockPiriformis Steroid Injection