Diagnostic Imaging: Spine

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD is a Consultant for the Neuroradiology Division of the Department of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic Arizona, and Professor of Radiology at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, in Phoenix, AZ Kevin R. Moore, MD is an adjunct professor of radiology at the University of Utah School of Medicine in Salt Lake City, Utah. He is a pediatric radiologist and neuroradiologist at Intermountain Pediatric Imaging at Primary Children's Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah.

• Congenital and Genetic Disorders    Congenital    1 Normal Anatomical Variations    2 Normal Anatomy    3 Measurement Techniques    4 MR Artifacts    5 Normal Variant    6 Craniovertebral Junction Variants    7 Ponticulus Posticus    8 Ossiculum Terminale    9 Conjoined Nerve Roots    10 Limbus Vertebra    11 Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma    12 Bone Island    13 Ventriculus Terminalis    Chiari Disorders    14 Chiari 0    15 Chiari 1    16 Complex Chiari    17 Chiari 2    18 Chiari 3    Abnormalities of Neurulation    19 Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development    20 Myelomeningocele    21 Lipomyelomeningocele    22 Lipoma    23 Dorsal Dermal Sinus    24 Simple Coccygeal Dimple    25 Dermoid Cysts    26 Epidermoid Cysts    Anomalies of the Caudal Cell Mess    27 Tethered Spinal Cord    28 Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis    29 Caudal Regression Syndrome    30 Terminal Myelocystocele    31 Anterior Sacral Meningocele    32 Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst     33 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma    Anomalies of Notochord and Vertebral Formation    34 Craniovertebral Junction Embryology    35 Paracondylar Process    36 Split Atlas    37 Klippel-Feil Spectrum    38 Failure of Vertebral Formation    39 Vertebral Segmentation Failure    40 Split Cord Malformation (formerly diastematomyelia)    41 Partial Vertebral Duplication    42 Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element    43 Neurenteric Cyst    Developmental Abnormalities    44 Os Odontoideum    45 Lateral Meningocele     46 Dorsal Spinal Meningocele    47 Dural Dysplasia    48 Genetic Disorders    49 Neurofibromatosis Type 1    50 Neurofibromatosis Type 2    51 Schwannomatosis    52 Achondroplasia    53 Mucopolysaccharidoses    54 Sickle Cell Disease    55 Osteogenesis Imperfecta    56 Tuberous Sclerosis    57 Osteopetrosis    58 Gaucher Disease    59 Ochronosis    60 Connective Tissue Disorders    61 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia    DEL Thanatophoric Dwarfism    Scoliosis and Kyphosis    62 Introduction to Scoliosis    63 Scoliosis    64 Kyphosis    65 Degenerative Scoliosis    66 Flat Back Syndrome    67 Scoliosis Instrumentation    Trauma    68 Vertebral Column, Discs, and Paraspinal Muscle    69 Fracture Classification    70 Atlantooccipital Dislocation    71 Ligamentous Injury    72 Occipital Condyle Fracture    73 Jefferson C1 Fracture    74 Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation    75 Odontoid C2 Fracture    76 Burst C2 Fracture    77 Hangman's C2 Fracture    78 Apophyseal Ring Fracture    79 Cervical Hyperflexion Injury    80 Cervical Hyperextension Injury    81 Cervical Hyperextension-Rotation Injury    82 Cervical Burst Fracture     83 Cervical Hyperflexion-Rotation Injury    84 Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury    85 Cervical Posterior Column Injury    86 Traumatic Disc Herniation    87 Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture    88 Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture    89 Fracture Dislocation    90 Chance Fracture    91 Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury    92 Anterior Compression Fracture     93 Lateral Compression Fracture    94 Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture    95 Sacral Traumatic Fracture    96 Pedicle Stress Fracture    97 Sacral Insufficiency Fracture    Cord, Dura, and Vessels    98 SCIWORA    99 Post-Traumatic Syrinx    100 Presyrinx Edema    101 Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma    102 Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation    103 Central Spinal Cord Syndrome    104 Traumatic Dural Tear    105 Traumatic Epidural Hematoma    106 Traumatic Subdural Hematoma    107 Vascular Injury, Cervical    108 Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula    109 Wallerian Degeneration    Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides    Degenerative Diseases    110 Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease    111 Degenerative Disc Disease    112 Degenerative Endplate Changes    113 Degenerative Arthritis of the CVJ    114 Disc Bulge    115 Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc    116 Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation     117 Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation    118 Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation    119 Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal    120 Cervical Facet Arthropathy    121 Lumbar Facet Arthropathy    122 Facet Joint Synovial Cyst    123 Baastrup Disease    124 Bertolotti Syndrome    125 Schmorl Node    126 Scheuermann Disease    127 Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis     128 Congenital Spinal Stenosis     129 Cervical Spondylosis    130 DISH    131 OPLL    132 Ossification Ligamentum Flavum    133 Periodontoid Pseudotumor    Spondylolisthesis and Spondylolysis    134 Spondylolisthesis    135 Spondylolysis    136 Instability    Inflammatory, Crystalline, and Miscellaneous Arthritides    137 Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis    138 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis    139 Spondyloarthropathy    140 Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy    141 Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy    142 Ankylosing Spondylitis    143 CPPD    144 Gout    145 Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis    Infection and Inflammatory Disorders    Infections    146 Pathways of Spread    147 Spinal Meningitis    148 Pyogenic Osteomyelitis    149 Tuberculous Osteomyelitis    150 Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis    151 Osteomyelitis, C1-C2    152 Brucellar Spondylitis    153 Septic Facet Joint Arthritis    154 Paraspinal Abscess    155 Epidural Abscess    156 Subdural Abscess    157 Abscess, Spinal Cord    158 Viral Myelitis    159 HIV Myelitis    160 Syphilitic Myelitis    161 Opportunistic Infections    162 Echinococcosis    163 Schistosomiasis    164 Cysticercosis    Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders      165 Acute Transverse Myelopathy    166 Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis    167 Multiple Sclerosis    168 Neuromyelitis Optica SPECTRUM DISORDER    169 ADEM    170 Guillain-Barré Syndrome    171 CIDP    172 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis    173 Grisel Syndrome    174 Paraneoplastic Myelopathy    175 IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis    Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses    Neoplasms    176 Introduction and Overview      177 Spread of Neoplasms    178 SINS, NOMS and ESCC    Extradural    179 Imaging of metastatic disease prose intro    180 Blastic Osseous Metastases    181 Lytic Osseous Metastases    182 Hemangioma    183 Osteoid Osteoma    184 Osteoblastoma    185 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst    186 Giant Cell Tumor    187 Osteochondroma    188 Chondrosarcoma    189 Osteosarcoma    190 Chordoma    191 Ewing Sarcoma    192 Lymphoma    193 Leukemia    194 Plasmacytoma    195 Multiple Myeloma    196 Neuroblastic Tumor    197 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis    198 Angiolipoma    Intradural Extramedullary    199 Schwannoma    200 Melanotic Schwannoma    201 Meningioma    202 Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma    203 Neurofibroma    204 Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors    205 Metastases, CSF Disseminated    206 Paraganglioma    207 Intramedullary    208 Astrocytoma    209 Cellular Ependymoma    210 Myxopapillary Ependymoma    211 Hemangioblastoma    212 Spinal Cord Metastases    213 Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma    214 Ganglioglioma    Nonneoplastic Cysts, Tumor Mimics and CSF Disorders      Cysts    215 CSF Flow Artifact    216 Meningeal Cyst    217 Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst    218 Syringomyelia    Nonneoplastic Masses and Tumor Mimics    219 Epidural Lipomatosis    220 Normal Fatty Marrow Variants    221 Fibrous Dysplasia    222 CAPNON    223 Kümmell Disease    224 Hirayama Disease    225 CSF leak disorders    226 SIH    227 Ventral defects / fast leak    228 Root sleeve leaks    229 CSF venous fistula    Vascular      Vascular Anatomy and Congenital Lesions    230 Vascular Anatomy    231 Persistent First Intersegmental Artery    232 Persistent Hypoglossal Artery    234 Persistent Proatlantal Artery    Vascular Malformations    235 Type 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF)    236 Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)    237 Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)    238 Type 4 Vascular Malformation (AVF)    239 Conus Arteriovenous Malformation    240 Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage    241 Epidural fistula    242 Cavernous Malformation    Vascular Misc    243 Spinal Artery Aneurysm    244 Spinal Cord Infarction    245 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage    246 Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma     247 Subdural Hematoma    248 Superficial Siderosis    249 Hematomyelia/Nontraumatic Cord Hemorrhage    250 Bow Hunter Syndrome    251 Vertebral Artery Dissection    Systemic Disorders    252 Spinal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases    253 Osteoporosis    254 Paget Disease    255 Hyperparathyroidism    256 Renal Osteodystrophy    257 Hyperplastic Vertebral Marrow    258 Myelofibrosis    259 Bone Infarction    260 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis    261 Tumoral Calcinosis    262 Sarcoidosis    263 Subacute Combined Degeneration     Peripheral Nerve and Plexus    Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Lesions    264 Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy    265 Superior Sulcus Tumor    266 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome    267 Muscle Denervation    268 Brachial Plexus Traction Injury    269 Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis    270 Traumatic Neuroma    271 Radiation Plexopathy    272 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor    273 Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis    274 Hypertrophic Neuropathy    275 Femoral Neuropathy    276 Ulnar Neuropathy    277 Suprascapular Neuropathy    278 Median Neuropathy    279 Common Peroneal Neuropathy    280 Tibial Neuropathy    Spine Postprocedural Imaging      281 Postoperative Imaging and Complications    282 Surgical Approaches    283 Normal Postoperative Change    284 Postoperative Spinal Complications    285 Myelography Complications    286 Vertebroplasty Complications    287 Failed Back Surgery Syndrome    288 Recurrent Disc Herniation    289 Peridural Fibrosis    290 Arachnoiditis/Adhesions    291 Arachnoiditis Ossificans    292 Accelerated Degeneration    293 Postoperative Infection    294 Pseudomeningocele    295 CSF Leakage Syndrome    296 Postsurgical Deformity    Hardware    297 Metal Artifact    298 Occipitocervical Fixation    299 Plates and Screws    300 Cages    301 Interbody Fusion Devices    302 Interspinous Spacing Devices    303 Cervical Artificial Disc    304 Lumbar Artificial Disc    305 Hardware Failure    306 Bone Graft Complications    307 rhBMP-2 Complications    308 Heterotopic Bone Formation    Post Radiation and Chemotherapy Complications    309 Radiation Myelopathy    310 Post-Irradiation Vertebral Marrow    311 Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy