Handbook of Milk Production, Quality and Nutrition

Dr. Tanmoy Rana is currently an Assistant Professor in Veterinary Medicine, Ethics, and Jurisprudence at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India. He has published articles in international journals, authored book chapters for edited works, and has made contributions in the fields of biochemical and molecular pharmacology, toxicology, and veterinary medicine. He has been involved in multidisciplinary research and education to promote the scientific basis of veterinary science and molecular medicine. Dr. Rana is a Member of the West Bengal Veterinary Council, India; the Indian Society for Veterinary Medicine (ISVM); and the Indian Science Congress Association. He is an Associate Fellow of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology, India. He is also an Associate Editor and Editorial Board Member of various highly regarded international journals.

• ContributorsAbout the editorPart IGeneral aspect of milk production1. General introduction of milkingDIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, UTKARSH TRIPATHI, ANURADHA KUMARI, AND TANMAY RANAIntroductionMilking methodsMilking practicesMilk quality and safetyConclusionReferences2. Impact of nutritional management and environmental indices on animal healthS. YOGESHPRIYA AND L. SOWMIYAIntroductionNutritional factorsCarbohydrateProteinVitaminsFat-soluble vitaminsWater-soluble vitaminsMineralsMacromineralsMicromineralsWaterEnvironmental factorsPhotoperiodHumidityHousing systemAir movementContact surfacesConclusionReferencesFurther reading3. Various procedures of machine milkingJAYSUKH B. KATHIRIYAIntroductionThe machine milked animals throughout the worldMilking principlesMilking machine components and effects on milk harvesting and qualityMilking practicesMilking management of animalsConclusionsReferences4. Physiochemical properties of milkM.M. PATHANIntroductionMacronutrientsMicronutrientsPhysiological properties of milkFactors affecting physiochemical properties of milkConclusionFurther reading5. Composition and nutritive value of milk and factors affecting composition of milkANIL KUMAR, B.K. BHARTI, SONAM BHATT, RAVI SHANKAR KUMAR MANDAL, AND TANMOY RANAIntroductionMilk composition and its nutritional significanceFactors affecting the composition of milkReferencesFurther reading6. Impact of cow nutrition on sustainable milk productionAMITAVA ROY, PROBHAKAR BISWAS, AND TANMOY RANAIntroductionProductivity and nutritionEfficiency and productionPartitioning of nutrients and feed intakeThe environmental effects of milk production and nutrient cyclingAvailability of water and climate change will hardline feed productionCrop rotation and diversification on dairy farmsFuture grains and foragesProfitability and nutritionConclusionReferencesFurther reading7. Impact of heat stress on milk productionVIPIN MAURYA AND DEEPJYOTI ROYMajor causes of heat stressReferences8. Environmental indices on lactationAMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, AND PROBHAKAR BISWASIntroductionEnvironmental factors as a potential source of riskStress reactionEnergy suitabilitySigns of environmental riskStrictly linked to reproduction in dairy cattleConclusionReferences9. Major milking efficiency and frequent milk removal in relation to lactationJAYSUKH B. KATHIRIYAMammary anatomyInitiation of lactation (lactogenesis)Control of prolactin productionMaintenance of lactation (galactopoiesis)Milk ejectionMammary involutionMilk secretion rateFactors affecting the yield and composition of milkBiochemistry of milk secretionEffects of hormones on milk secretion and mammary developmentGenetically superior cows and bSTH-treated cowsAlternate methods for increasing the efficiency of lactationSummaryReferences10. Rumen microbiota in sustainable milk productionSONAM BHATT, ANIL KUMAR, RAVI SHANKAR KUMAR MANDAL, JYOTI KUMARI, MANISH SINGH, AND BHAVNAIntroductionRumen fermentationRuminal microbiotaRumen bacteriaRumen protozoaRumen fungiRumen virusRole of the rumen microbiota in bovine healthSubacute ruminal acidosisRole of rumen microbiota in sustainable milk productionFactors affecting rumen microbiotaHost factorDietStressReferences11. Role of fatty acids in milk productionAMARJEET, DAPINDER SINGH, BHAVNA JHA, AND ABHISHEK PATHAKIntroductionRole of fatty acids in milk fat synthesisFatty acid metabolism in dairy cowsDietary sources of fatty acids for dairy cowsHealth implications of fatty acids in milkConclusionReferences12. Impact of reproductive management and fertility on milk productionSAMUEL UCHENNA FELIXIntroductionFertility and milk production association: A physiological justificationThe association between fertility and milk production: A genetic analysisImpact of nutrition on reproductive abilityConclusionReferences13. Udder health, infection, and its managementMOHAMED S. KAMEL AND NOHA M. BAKRYIntroductionImportance of udder health in dairy farmingUdder anatomy and physiologyRisk factors influencing udder healthCommon udder infections in dairy cowsDiagnosis and treatment of udder infectionsTherapeutic approaches for udder infectionPrevention and control strategies for udder healthFuture trends in udder health managementConclusionReferences14. Impact of nutritional profiles in animal health and milk production efficiencyS.K.I. VASANTHA, NAVEEN SWAROOP MURIKIPUDI, AND K. VARIJ NAYANUnderstanding the role of food nutrient profiles in animal dietsImportance of a balanced diet for livestockConclusionReferences15. Microbiological hazards in milk production, processing and products developmentG. SHALINI AND N. GURUNATHANIntroductionMicrobiological risks in the supply chain of dairy productsMicrobiological risks in the cow’s milk processing supply chainHygienic dairy processing practicesMicrobiological risks in the main milk pathways for sheep and goatsPossible steps to reduce the risk of microbes in the dairy supply chainFood safety systems based on critical control points and hazard analysisConclusionsReferences16. Additive and nonadditive genetic effects on milk productionJAY PRAKASH GUPTA, MAYANK V. DARJI, JAGDISH D. CHAUDHARI, AND PRAVIN B. PUROHITIntroductionTypes of gene actions governing traitsAdditive gene actionsNonadditive gene actionsHeterosisMethodology to estimate the nonadditive gene effect and heterosisBreeding strategies for utilization of nonadditive gene actionsVarious studies conducted for estimation of nonadditive genetic componentsConclusionAI disclosureReferencesFurther reading17. Clinical mastitis and its managementGAURAV CHARAYA, JASLEEN KAUR, AVNI CHAUHAN, AND DIVYA AGNIHOTRIIntroductionEtiologyRisk factors associated with clinical mastitisClinical signsManagement of clinical mastitisReferences18. Subclinical mastitis and its managementGAURAV CHARAYA, JASLEEN KAUR, DIVYA AGNIHOTRI, AND PRIYANKA GAHLOTIntroductionEtiologyRisk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in cattleDiagnosis of subclinical mastitisMolecular tools for diagnosisAcute phase protein (APPs)Serum proteome analysisMilk enzymatic activity testsManagement of subclinical mastitisConclusionReferences19. Management and technologies to alleviate stress in cowsVASANTHA S.K.I., NAVEEN SWAROOP MURIKIPUDI, K. VARIJ NAYAN, RAJESH KUMAR, ANURADHA BHARADWAJ, ASWANI KUMAR K., AND ASHOK KUMAR MOHANTYIntroductionThermal stressTemperature humidity index (THI) and its role in assessing heat stressEffect of thermal stress on milk productivityEffect of environmental stress on stage of lactationStress biomarkersManagement and technologies to alleviate stress in cowsGenetic improvement through heat-tolerant breedsHeat shock proteins (HSPs)CytokinesDietary strategies—Ameliorated nutritional managementInclusion of anti-oxidants (vitamins)Physical modification of the environmentConclusionReferencesPart IIImpact of milk on human health20. Milk: A global nutrition appealASMAA ELREFAEY AND NOURHAN EISSAIntroductionMilk production processRecent advances in milk processing or dairy industryMilk collectionPasteurized milkSection 2: Milk quality assuranceFactors affecting milk composition of lactating cowsNormal sources of variation in compositionMaximizing rumen function can increase milk componentsGrain feedingGrain processingRation fiber levelsProtein feeding guidelinesAnalysis of milk adulterationMicrobiological analysisTotal bacterial countEnumeration of total and fecal coliformsStaphylococcus aureus countEnumeration of SalmonellaEnumeration of Escherichia coliYeast and mold count (YMC)Section 3: Milk nutrition and health benefitsReferences21. Milk: Nutrition, health benefits, and its consequencesANKITA PATEL, VAIBHAV PATEL, ABHISHEK PATHAK, AND KRITIKA DHIALIntroductionMilk compositionMilk constituentsMilk consumption: Nutrition and health benefitsConclusionReferencesFurther reading22. Impact of the environment on milk production and aspects of its constituents for human consumptionVIKAS DIWAKAR, RANGASAI CHANDRA GOLI, PRAMOD KUMAR, AND RAJESH KUMARIntroductionMilk production statisticsGenetics influencing milk productionGenetics to genomics in milk productionGenomic breeding model for dairy cattle selectionGenomic factors for productionsGenome editing in dairy cattleCrossbreeding strategy for establishing environment-resilient cattleNewly proposed breeding approach for the dairy industryEnvironment impact on diets of humansConclusionReferences23. Role of milk as a source of macronutrients for human healthDEEPAK CHOPRA, PRATIKSHA, AMARJEET AND ABHISHEK PATHAKIntroductionDefinition of milkComposition of milkFactors affecting milk compositionMacronutrients present in milkOther bioactive componentsMilk: Health benefitsConclusion and future prospectsReferences24. Role of milk as a source of micronutrients for human healthSANJEEV KUMAR, SONAM KUMARI, SURYAMNI KUMAR, JUI LODH, AND V.P. APARNAIntroductionVitamins in milkMinerals in milkBeneficial effects of milk micronutrients on human healthBioactive peptides in milkHealth benefits of milk-derived bioactive peptidesImpact of heat treatment on milk micronutrientsEffect on mineralsEffect on vitaminsMicronutrient fortification and enrichment in milkConclusionReferences25. Milk and disease prevention: Help or harmAMARJEET, AMANDEEP, PRIYA KALYAN, AND ABHISHEK PATHAKIntroductionReferences26. Milk on bone, oral, and gut healthM. BINDU PUSHPA, CRIS JOHN SANJEEV, AND SALUR SRIHITHAContents of milkRole of milk constituents in gut healthEffect of TGF-b on the intestinal barrierImpact of processing methods on active ingredient content and gut barrier healthInfluence of milk constituents on oral healthDefinitions and misconceptionsMilk constituents and dental pellicleAnimal studies on milk and cariesMilk as a vehicle for antibodiesEffect of dairy products on mineral retention and prevention of alveolar bone lossEffect of dairy products on dental plaque and periodontal diseaseCariostatic effects of cheeseStudies on dairy intake and oral healthMilk and early childhood cariesRole of cheese in caries preventionMechanisms of actionDairy products and oral health in adultsCaries preventionPeriodontal healthMilk on bone healthThe role of milk in bone healthThe importance of calcium in bone healthMilk proteins and their role in bone healthFermented milk products and bone healthFermented milk and osteoporotic bone lossMilk-derived peptides and bone metabolismCalcium intake and bone healthCasein phosphopeptides and bone healthMechanisms of action of milk-derived bioactive peptidesThe role of diet and lifestyle in bone healthFuture research and perspectivesConclusionReferences27. Lactose intolerance: A global problem?PARAG ACHARYA, ABHIJEET FERNANDES, MANISH K. CHATLI, AND TANMOY RANAIntroductionAttributes of lactose: Understanding the characteristics of milk sugarDevelopment and dynamics of lactase activity in infantsEvolutionary dynamics of lactase persistenceGenetic basis of lactase persistence and polymorphismLactose: influence on gut health, microbiota, and immune developmentEpidemiologyEtiologyDifferential diagnosisMedical testsManagement of lactose intoleranceDietary modificationEnhancing healthcare team outcomesAdult dietary managementAdvancements in lactose research: Insights from a comprehensive consensus meetingConclusionsReferences28. Regulatory health and nutrition claim framework and recent legislative developmentsPRANAV CHAUHAN, N.K. NAYAK, P.K. SINGH, AND R.P. SINGHIntroductionNutrition claimsRegulation on authorization of health and nutritional claimsProhibited claims rules in IndiaSummaryReferencesFurther reading29. Microbial pathogens, toxins, and heavy metals and its impact on consumer healthPRANAV ANJARIA, VARUN ASEDIYA, JITENDRAKUMAR NAYAK, JEETENDRAKUMAR CHAUDHARY, AND M.N. BRAHMBHATTIntroductionEvolution of milk-borne diseases through historySources of contamination in milk productionMilk-borne infections, intoxications, and toxi-infectionsEffects of microbial pathogens on consumer healthEconomic impactPrevention of milk-borne infectionsToxinsHeavy metals in milkPrevention of toxins and heavy metalsConclusionsReferences30. Milk protein allergyA.S. SOBANA, A. ELANGO, AND S. UDHAYAVELIntroductionMilk composition and allergen composition of milkCow milk proteinsCow milk protein allergyPrevalence of MPAClinical symptoms of MPACow milk versus breastfed milkLactose intolerance versus milk protein allergyImmune pathogenesis of milk protein allergyDiagnostic proceduresTreatmentPreventionConclusionsReferencesPart IIIMilking, equipment, and hazards31. Milking premises, equipment, and routine-based clean milk productionJ.B. KATHIRIYA, S.H. SINDHI, K.R. BHEDI, AND A.P. SUTHARIntroductionMilking biosecurity in cattle dairy farmsMilking parlor hygieneConclusionsReferences32. Impact of sanitation on milk productionANURADHA KUMARI, UTKARSH KUMAR TRIPATHI, MANISH KUMAR, AND ANSHUMAN KUMARIntroductionEffect of milking practices on milk quality and hygieneImpact of environmental sanitation on milk productionImpact of premilking practices on milk hygieneEffects of postmilk handling practices on milk hygieneReferences33. Supplies of water during milkingAMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, MADHUCHHANDA KHAN, AND RATNESH KUMAR CHOUDHARYIntroductionWater intake and requirementsSymptoms of too much or too little water intakeTechniques for measuring water intakeProblems with water qualityChecking water qualityAdequate watering facilitiesWater consumption in dairy animals: Factors and control techniquesConclusionReferences34. Organization setup and impact of machine milkingAWLESH KUMAR VIDYARTHIIntroductionConclusion35. Various sources of milk contaminationSWOTANTRA DANGIIntroductionMilk contaminationMilk adulteration in NepalMilk adulteration with neutralizerChemical analysis of adulterated milkMilk quality testing methodsPoints to be considered to avoid milk contaminationQuality control in milkConclusion and way forwardReferencesFurther reading36. Chemical residues in milk and their consequencesJOE S. SMITH AND PATRICIA DOWLINGIntroductionRegulation of veterinary drug residues in milkSpecific regulationsRegulatory approval: Toxicity testingPotential effects of antimicrobial residues from milk on human gastrointestinal microfloraCauses of violative residuesWithdrawal timesOn-farm practices for milk residue mitigationDetection of residues in milkResidue detection programsPreventing residues: Advisory organizationsConsequences of residues in milkFuture directionsReferences37. Application of detergents and disinfectants in the milk industryVIVEK SAHU AND PRIYA DHATTARWALIntroductionDairy soilCleaningDetergentsCaustic sodaSoda ashTrisodium phosphateSodium metasilicateRisks associated with alkaline detergentsAcid cleaners componentsCommon acid cleanersRisks associated with acid cleanersSelection of detergentsDisinfectantsHealth impactEnvironmental issuesConclusionReferencesPart IVMilk processing38. Handling and processing of milk from collection to pasteurization: An overviewDIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, ANNADA DAS, DHANANJAY KUMAR, AND SAURABH KARUNAMAYIntroductionCollection of raw milkChilling of milkMilk reception operationsStandardizationMethods of standardizationPasteurizationDifferent types of pasteurization processesBasic components of a standard HTST systemPasteurization efficiencyUltra-high-temperature pasteurizationConclusionReferences39. Milk treatment, homogenization, bactofugationM. SAHITYARANIPasteurizationHomogenizationBactofugation40. Microbiological deterioration of milk and milk productsM. SAHITYARANIIntroductionSources of microbial contaminationTypes of microbial deteriorationFactors affecting proteinase production and activityProteinase-inducing spoilageLipolysisLipase-inducing spoilageGas productionRopinessFluid milk product spoilageUHT milk spoilageSpoilage of concentrated milk productsDried milk spoilageIce cream spoilageFermented milk products spoilageCheese spoilage41. Layout of milk processing plant and its managementSANJEEV KUMAR, SONAM KUMARI, SURYAMANI KUMAR, AND TANMOY RANAIntroductionImportance of dairy plant design layoutLegal and commercial aspects of plant designKey considerations during designing of dairy plant layoutDifferent types of layoutsArrangements of different sections in the dairy plantRequirement of dairy floors and floors for different sectionsSelection of building materialsStructural aspects of dairy plantDrain and drain layout for small and large dairiesVentilation, illumination, and fly controlConclusionsReferences42. Preparation of milk byproductsAMITAVA ROY, TANMOY RANA, AND MADHUCHHANDA KHANIntroductionWhey and whey-based productsSkimmed milk-based byproductsButtermilkIndigenous milk enzymesThe milk fat globule membraneMilk saltsMilk and whey permeatesColostrumConclusionReferences43. Characterization of functional milk productsGHULAM MURTAZA, FAKIHA KALIM, AND ADAN AAFREENIntroductionUses and benefits of milk productsMilk productsConclusionReferences44. Dried, dehydrated, and fermented milkGHULAM MURTAZA AND RAZIA KAUSARIntroductionDrying of fermented milk productsTypes of dried milk and milk substitutes: Production, storage, and nutritional considerationsTypes of dried fermented milkChallengesConclusionReferences45. Defects in milk products: Their causes and preventionS.V. LONDHE, S.N. RINDHE, AND D.P. PATILFurther reading46. Packaging, transportation, storage and distribution of milk and milk productsSACHIN KUMAR SHANDILYA, ALOK MISHRA, ABHISHEK PATHAK, AND KRITIKA DHIALIntroductionPackaging in the dairy industryPackaging materialsMilk transportationMilk storageCleaning and sterilization practicesMilk distributionConclusion47. Cleaning and sanitation in milk plantANNADA DAS, KAUSHIK SATYAPRAKASH, DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, AND SOUTI PRASAD SARKHELIntroductionImportance of cleaning and sanitation in a milk plantTerms associated with cleaning and sanitation in a milk plantObjectives of milk plant cleaning and sanitationPrinciples of milk plant cleaning and sanitationOrganization of cleaning scheduleProcedure of cleaning and sanitationDairy detergentsIdeal properties of a good detergentType of detergentsMethods of cleaningAdvantages of CIPDifferent types of CIP systems used in dairy plantsDairy sanitizersProperties of a good sanitizerType of sanitizers used in milk plantsConsiderations for effective cleaning and sanitationRoles of food safety management systems (FSMS) in milk plant cleaning and sanitationVerification of the efficiency of cleaning and sanitation processes in a milk plantConclusionReferences48. Organic milk and organic milk productsPRIYA, RACHANA SHARMA, VIVEK SAHU, AND VANDITA MISHRAIntroductionStatus of organic milk in IndiaKey players for organic dairy industry in IndiaInsight into differences between organic and conventionally produced milkOrganic milk preference: Is it a matter of information?Environmental impact assessment of organic milk productionChallenges in organic milk productionOrganic milk productsCommon organic milk productsHistory of organic milk and organic milk productsRegulations for organic milk productsConclusionReferences49. Good manufacturing practices and implementation of HACCP in milk plantSAURABH KARUNAMAY, DHANANJAY KUMAR, DIPANWITA BHATTACHARYA, AND RAKSHANDA M. MADAVIGood manufacturing practicesImplementation of HACCP in dairy industryFurther reading50. Food safety and standards for milk and milk productsMRINMOYEE SARMA, MONOSHREE SARMA, AND PHUNU TALUKDARIntroductionTerms related to food safetyClean milk and public healthFSSAI standards for milk and milk productsUltraheat treatment milk (UHT milk)General principlesQualityFood standards and regulations in IndiaDifferent FSSAI standards for milk and milk productsPhysicochemical properties of milkFSSAI standards for various kinds of milk productsVarious methods employed for analyzing milk and its productsTests for quality control of milkMethods employed for determination of the total bacterial load of milk and milk productsFSSAI standards on composite dairy productsNew regulations of FSSAI on Milk AnalogsImportance of analyzing milk and milk products51. Dairy effluent treatmentAKHIL KUMAR JHA, SONAM BHARDWAJ, S.R. PRASHANTHINI, AND ABHISHEK PATHAKIntroductionComposition of dairy effluentDairy effluent treatmentElectrocoagulation (EC) methodAlternative treatment proceduresStep-by-step treatment of dairy effluentConclusionReferences52. Biological hazards associated with milk and milk processing and its impacts on consumer healthUGOCHUKWU F. OGBODO AND AYOMIDE O. ADERETIIntroductionMilk collection processMilk processingBiological hazards in milk: Effects on consumer healthPrevention of milk contaminationReferences53. Impact of mastitis on the composition and quality of milkPREETI LAKHANI, ANKITA RAUTELA, POOJA SINGH PUNIA, AND RAHUL PREET SINGHIntroductionTypes of mastitisInfectious causesNoninfectious causesImpact of mastitis on milk compositionMilk composition and association with high somatic cell countPreventing and managing mastitisConclusionReferencesFurther reading54. Dairy value chain and critical stakeholders for added value productsDHANANJAY KUMAR AND SADHANA OJHAIntroductionElements of the dairy value chainValue chain supportersOrganizational systems and approachesFundamental activities of the value chainValue chain supporting activitiesPotential and limitationsSustainability: Prone or perilChallenges and recommendationsConclusion and recommendationsReferencesFurther reading55. Quality control guidelines and assurance of raw and processed milkCHAITALI CHAKRABORTY, AND PAVEL ROUTIntroductionSignificance of raw and processed milk in human healthConcept of quality controlQuality assuranceRaw milk quality controlProcess milk quality controlRegulatory compliance and standardsConclusionReferences56. Milk quality standard evaluation methods to assess physical, chemical, and biological parametersR. SIVACHANDIRAN, NAVYA SRI BAIRI, PORTEEN KANNAN, S SURESHKANNAN, RITA NARAYANAN, S. GURUSARAN, AND G. MOHAMED HASIFIntroductionImportance of milk qualityEvaluation of physical quality of milkEvaluation of chemical quality of milkEvaluation of biological quality of milkConclusionReferencesFurther reading57. Innovative technologies to promote healthy milk production, processing, and quality assurance for product development in milk industryVARUN ASEDIYA, PRANAV ANJARIA, AND AJAY NAYAKIntroductionAdvancements in milk productionInnovations in milk processingQuality assurance in the dairy industryProduct development and market trendsConclusionReferences58. One health approach in food (milk) safetySINA SALAJEGHEH TAZERJI, PARISA ASGHARPOUR, SARAH MOJTABAVI, FATEMEH JAHEDI PARIZI, MELINA MAGHSOUDLOONEJAD, HOMA MOHAMMADI FARD, AND ROOZBEH KALANTARIOverview of sustainable food production challengesRole of the One Health approach in promoting sustainable food productionImportance of environment stewardship and conservation in sustainable food productionReferencesFurther readingIndex