Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists

Epidemiology, Emergency Management, and Optimization

Inbunden, Engelska, 2023

Av Megan M. Reynolds, Louis Theodore, Louis (Manhattan College) Theodore, Megan M Reynolds

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A Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists A hands-on guide covering the fundamentals of virology written from an engineering perspective In A Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists: Epidemiology, Emergency Management, and Optimization, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a robust and accessible treatment of virology from an engineering perspective. The book synthesizes a great deal of general information on viruses—including coronaviruses—in a single volume. It provides critical context that engineers and applied scientists can use to evaluate and manage viruses encountered in the environment. The fundamental principles of virology are explored with calculation details for health and hazard risk assessments. Each chapter combines numerous illustrative examples and sample problems ideal for advanced courses in environmental health and safety, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science and engineering. Readers will also find: A detailed introduction to health and hazard risk analysis and assessment that is complete with technical information and calculation detailsComprehensive illustrative examples and practice problems for use by educators and professionals in trainingPractical discussions of virology by authors with combined experience in pharmaceuticals and environmental health and safetyThorough treatments of virology from the perspective of a professional engineerA definitive source for those working in related fields who wish to deepen their overall understanding of virusesPerfect for chemical, civil, mechanical, biochemical engineers, and applied scientists, A Guide to Virology for Engineers and Applied Scientists: Epidemiology, Emergency Management, and Optimization will also earn a place in the libraries of industrial hygiene professionals and instructors, students, and practitioners in environmental health, pharmaceuticals, public health, and epidemiology.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2023-04-05
Mått238 x 160 x 32 mm
Vikt826 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor400
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119853138

Tillhör följande kategorier

Kemi inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
Byggnadsteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
Biologi inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Megan M. Reynolds, BSChE, MS, MBA, is a freelance medical writer and editor with a focus on infectious diseases. She holds degrees in chemical engineering, international business, and medicine, and has more than 12 years’ experience in the pharmaceutical industry in a variety of capacities. Louis Theodore, MChE, EngScD, is a retired professor of chemical engineering with over 50 years’ education experience. He has authored numerous publications and has served as section editor to the last four editions of Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook. Dr. Theodore currently works as an environmental engineering consultant.

Preface xviiAbout the Authors xixPart I Introduction to Viruses 11 Overview of Molecular Biology 3Contributing Author: Sarah Forster1.1 Cell Basics 41.1.1 Cytoplasm 51.1.2 Ribosomes 51.1.3 Nucleus 61.2 Cell Replication 61.2.1 Nucleic Acids 61.2.2 DNA Replication 71.2.3 RNA Structure and Role 91.2.4 Protein Synthesis 91.3 Cellular Transport 111.3.1 Plasma Membrane 111.3.2 Cell Signaling 111.4 Immune Defense 121.4.1 Innate Immunity 121.4.2 Adaptive Immunity 131.4.2.1 Humoral Immunity 131.4.2.2 Cellular Immunity 141.5 Applications 141.6 Chapter Summary 161.7 Problems 16References 162 Basics of Virology 192.1 Viral Basics and Terminology 192.2 Viral Life Cycle 212.2.1 Attachment (Connection) 212.2.2 Penetration (Entry) 222.2.3 Uncoating 222.2.4 Replication 232.2.5 Assembly 232.2.6 Maturation and Release 232.3 Virus Structure and Classification 242.3.1 DNA Viruses 252.3.2 RNA Viruses 252.3.3 Reverse Transcription Viruses (Retroviruses) 272.4 Viruses in Context of the Tree of Life 272.5 Viral Genetics 282.5.1 Antigenic Shift 282.5.2 Antigenic Drift 292.5.3 Phenotypic Mixing 292.5.4 Complementation 292.6 Applications 292.7 Chapter Summary 312.8 Problems 31References 323 Pandemics, Epidemics, and Outbreaks 333.1 Human Viral Diseases 343.2 Ebola and Marburg Viruses 353.2.1 Symptoms 363.2.2 Diagnosis 373.2.3 Prevention and Treatment 373.3 Human Immunodeficiency Disease (HIV) 383.3.1 HIV Symptoms 393.3.1.1 Stage 1: Acute Infection 393.3.1.2 Stage 2: Chronic HIV Infection (Latent Phase) 393.3.1.3 Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 393.3.2 Diagnosis 403.3.3 HIV Prevention and Treatment 403.4 Influenza 413.4.1 Influenza Symptoms 413.4.2 Influenza Diagnosis 423.4.3 Influenza Prevention and Treatment 423.4.4 Influenza Pandemics 433.5 Coronaviruses 443.5.1 Symptoms 453.5.1.1 Typical Acute Symptoms 453.5.1.2 Post-COVID Conditions 463.5.1.3 COVID-19 Multiorgan System Effects (MIS) 463.5.2 COVID-19 Diagnosis 473.5.3 COVID-19 Prevention and treatment 483.6 Current and Emerging Viral Threats 483.7 Applications 513.8 Chapter Summary 523.9 Problems 53References 534 Virus Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment 574.1 Vaccination Successes and Challenges 584.2 Current Vaccine Technology 594.2.1 Live-attenuated vaccines 604.2.2 Inactivated vaccines 614.2.3 Recombinant Subunit Vaccines 614.2.4 Viral Vector Vaccines 624.2.5 Messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccines 624.3 U.S.-Approved Vaccines and Requirements 634.3.1 Commercially Available Viral Vaccines 634.3.2 Vaccination Requirements 634.4 Viral Testing and Diagnosis 644.4.1 Viral Testing 654.4.2 Antibody Testing 664.5 Antiviral Treatment Options 664.5.1 HIV 674.5.1.1 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) 674.5.1.2 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) 674.5.1.3 Protease Inhibitors (PIs) 674.5.1.4 Fusion Inhibitors (FIs) 674.5.1.5 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) 674.5.1.6 CCR5 Antagonists 674.5.1.7 Attachment Inhibitors 684.5.1.8 Post-Attachment Inhibitors 684.5.1.9 Pharmacokinetic Enhancers 684.5.2 Influenza 684.5.3 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 684.5.4 Other Treatment Options 694.6 Applications 704.7 Chapter Summary 714.8 Problems 72References 725 Safety Protocols and Personal Protection Equipment 75Contributing Author: Emma Parente5.1 Regulations and Oversight of Safety Protocols 765.2 Protective and Safety Systems 765.2.1 Personal Protective Devices and Practices 765.2.2 Antimicrobial Suppression And Eradication 775.3 Disinfection Categories and Procedures 785.4 Occupational Health and Safety Administration Hazmat Regulations 795.4.1 HAZMAT Level A Protection 805.4.2 HAZMAT Level B Protection 815.4.3 Level C Protection 825.4.4 Level D Protection 835.5 Bio Level Safety and Security 835.6 COVID-Related Safety Precautions 845.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment 845.6.2 Transmission Control 855.7 Applications 855.8 Summary 875.9 Problems 87References 886 Epidemiology and Virus Transmission 916.1 Overview of Epidemiology 926.2 Government Agencies’ Contributions to Public Health 946.2.1 The Role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 946.2.2 The World Health Organization (WHO): Successes and Challenges 956.3 Epidemiologic Study Design 966.3.1 Outbreak Case Example 986.3.2 Clinical Trials 996.4 Virus Transmission 1006.4.1 Modes of Transmission 1016.5 Applications 1026.6 Chapter Summary 1046.7 Problems 105References 105Part II Practical and Technical Considerations 1097 Engineering Principles and Fundamentals 111Contributing Author: Vishal Bhatty7.1 History of Engineering 1127.2 Problem Solving: The Engineering Approach 1137.2.1 Problem-Solving Methodology 1147.2.2 Engineering and Scientific Sources 1157.3 Units and Conversion Constants 1157.3.1 The Metric System 1157.3.2 The SI System 1177.4 Dimensional Analysis 1177.5 Process Variables 1197.6 The Conservation Laws 1217.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 1257.8 Applications 1267.9 Chapter Summary 1307.10 Problems 130References 1318 Legal and Regulatory Considerations 1338.1 The Regulatory System 1348.1.1 Laws, Regulations, Plans and policy: The Differences 1358.1.2 Policies and Plans 1378.2 The Role of Individual States 1388.3 Key Government Agencies 1408.3.1 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1408.3.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1418.3.3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 1418.3.4 Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) 1418.3.5 Legal Considerations during a Public Health Crisis 1428.4 Public Health Emergency Declarations 1438.5 Key Environmental Acts 1458.6 The Clean Air Act 1458.7 Regulation of Toxic Substances 1478.7.1 Toxic Water Pollutants: Control and Classification 1508.7.2 Drinking Water 1508.7.3 Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTR) 1518.8 Regulations Governing Infectious Diseases 1538.8.1 Vaccination Laws 1558.8.2 State Healthcare Worker and Patient Vaccination Laws 1558.8.3 State-Mandated Childhood Vaccinations 1558.9 Applications 1558.10 Chapter Summary 1598.11 Problems 159References 1609 Emergency Planning and Response 1639.1 The Importance of Emergency Planning and Response 1649.2 Planning for Emergencies 1669.2.1 Preparedness Training 1669.3 Plan Implementation 1679.3.1 Notification of Public and Regulatory Officials 1689.4 EP&R for Epidemics and Pandemics 1699.4.1 Federal Public Health and Medical Emergency Preparedness 1709.4.2 Emergency Operations Center 1709.4.3 Disease Containment 1729.4.4 Public Notification of Pandemic Quarantines and Lockdowns 1739.4.5 The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza (NSPI) 1739.5 EP&R for Industrial Accidents 1749.5.1 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (epcra) 1759.5.2 The Planning Committee 1779.6 EP&R for Natural Disasters 1799.7 Current and Future Trends 1819.8 Applications 1819.9 Chapter Summary 1849.10 Problems 184References 18510 Ethical Considerations within Virology 189Contributing Author: Paul DiGaetano, Jr.10.1 Core Ethics Principles 19010.2 Important Tenets of Ethical Research 19110.2.1 Conducting Research During a Health Crisis 19210.2.2 Scientific Cooperation During a Health Crisis 19210.2.3 Fair and Ethical Study Design and Implementation 19310.3 Ethical Dilemmas in Public Health 19310.3.1 Public Health Surveillance 19310.3.2 Ethical Evaluation of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions 19510.3.3 Ethical Consideration Involving Restrictions of Movement 19710.4 Ethical Considerations Regarding Medical Interventions 19910.4.1 Emergency Use Of Medical Interventions 20010.5 Applications 20110.6 Chapter Summary 20210.7 Problems 203References 20311 Health and Hazard Risk Assessment 20511.1 Introduction to Risk Assessment 20711.2 The Health Risk Assessment Process 20911.3 Dose–Response Assessment 21111.4 The Hazard Risk Assessment Process 21311.5 Hazard Risk Versus Health Risk 21411.5.1 Health Risk Assessment (HRA) Example 21511.5.2 Hazard Risk Assessment (HRZA) Example 21511.6 COVID-19 Pandemic Hazard Risk 21611.7 The Uncertainty Factor 21711.8 Applications 21811.9 Chapter Summary 22011.10 Problems 220References 221Part III Engineering Considerations 22312 Introduction to Mathematical Methods 225Contributing Author: Julian Theodore12.1 Differentiation 22612.2 Integration 22812.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 22812.2.2 Simpson’s Rule 22912.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations 23012.3.1 Gauss–Jordan Reduction 23112.3.2 Gauss Elimination 23212.3.3 Gauss–Seidel Approach 23212.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 23312.5 Ordinary Differential Equations 23412.6 Partial Differential Equations 23712.7 Applications 23712.8 Chapter Summary 24012.9 Problems 240References 24113 Probability and Statistical Principles 24313.1 Probability Definitions and Interpretations 24413.2 Introduction to Probability Distributions 24613.3 Discrete Probability Distributions 24713.3.1 The Binomial Distribution 24813.3.2 Multinomial Distribution 24813.3.3 Hypergeometric Distribution 24913.3.4 Poisson Distribution 25013.4 Continuous Probability Distributions 25013.4.1 Measures of Central Tendency and Scatter 25113.4.2 The Normal Distribution 25213.4.3 The Lognormal Distribution 25613.4.4 The Exponential Distribution 25713.4.5 The Weibull Distribution 25813.5 Contemporary Statistics 25913.5.1 Confidence Intervals for Means 26013.5.2 Confidence Intervals for Proportions 26013.5.3 Hypothesis Testing 26113.5.4 Hypothesis Test for Means and Proportions 26113.5.5 The F Distribution 26213.5.6 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 26213.5.7 Nonparametric Tests 26413.6 Applications 26413.7 Chapter Summary 26813.8 Problems 268References 26914 Linear Regression 27114.1 Rectangular Coordinates 27214.2 Logarithmic Coordinates 27314.3 Methods of Plotting Data 27514.4 Scatter Diagrams 27514.5 Curve Fitting 27814.6 Method of Least Squares 28014.7 Applications 28414.8 Chapter Summary 28714.9 Problems 288References 28815 Ventilation 28915.1 Introduction to Industrial Ventilation Systems 29015.2 Components of Ventilation Systems 29115.3 Fans, Valves and Fittings, and Ductwork 29315.3.1 Fans 29315.3.2 Valves and Fittings 29515.4 Selecting Ventilation Systems 29615.5 Key Process Equations 29815.5.1 Regarding Friction Losses 29915.6 Ventilation Models 30015.7 Model Limitations 30215.8 Infection Control Implications 30315.9 Applications 30515.10 Chapter Summary 30915.11 Problems 310References 31016 Pandemic Health Data Modeling 31316.1 COVID-19: A Rude Awakening 31516.2 Earlier Work 31616.3 Planning for Pandemics 31816.4 Generating Mathematical Models 31916.5 Pandemic Health Data Models 32416.6 In Review 32916.7 Applications 33116.8 Chapter Summary 33816.9 Problems 338References 33917 Optimization Procedures 34117.1 The History of Optimization 34217.2 The Scope of Optimization 34417.3 Conventional Optimization Procedures 34617.4 Analytical Fomulation of the Optimum 34717.5 Contemporary Optimization: Concepts in Linear Programming 35017.6 Applied Concepts in Linear Programming 35117.7 Applications 35517.8 Chapter Summary 35717.9 Problems 358References 359Index 361