Optimizing Air Pollution Control Equipment Performance

Jay Richardson is a combustion engineer. He has over a decade of experience custom-­engineering, fabricating, and installing industrial and utility burner systems. He is skilled in combustion diagnostics, flow modeling, specialized boiler testing, and ultra-low NOx research. Louis Theodore, MChE and EngScD, is a retired professor of chemical engineering (50 years). He is the author of several notable air pollution publications and a section editor (environmental management) and contributor to the last five editions of Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook.

• About the Authors xiiiForeword xivPreface xvComments from Afar xviiPart I Prologue 11 Definitions/Glossary of Terms 31.1 Glossary of Terms 3References 192 The Air Pollution Problem 202.1 Early History 202.2 Sources and Classifications of Air Pollution 222.3 The Need for Control 222.4 Estimating Pollutant Emissions 232.5 Measurement Methods 24References 253 Classifications, Sources, and Effects of Air Pollution 263.1 Sources of Air Pollutants 263.2 Atmospheric Air Pollutants 273.3 Airborne Particulates 283.4 Airborne Toxins 283.5 Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Deposition 283.6 Indoor Air Pollutants 283.7 Water and Land Pollutants 293.8 Effects of Air Pollution 30References 314 Multimedia Concerns 324.1 Environmental Problems 334.2 The Multimedia Approach 334.3 Multimedia Application 344.4 Education and Training 35References 365 Regulations 375.1 Early Air Pollution Legislation 375.2 Clean Air Act of 1970 385.3 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 405.4 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 435.5 Other Considerations 47References 496 Environmental and Health Risk 506.1 Risk Variables and Categories 506.2 Risk Assessment 516.3 Health Risk Assessment/Analysis 526.4 Health Risk Assessments Components 536.5 Hazard Risk Assessment/Analysis 566.6 Risk Uncertainties/Limitations 57References 587 Introduction to Air Pollution Control Equipment 597.1 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulates 597.2 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Gaseous Pollutants 627.3 Hybrid Systems 647.4 Factors in Selecting and Comparing Equipment 66References 668 Introduction to Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection 678.1 The Need for an Operation and Maintenance Program 678.2 System Description 688.3 Personnel 698.4 Installation Procedures 708.5 Operation 718.6 Maintenance and Inspection 718.7 Improving Operation and Performance 718.8 Special Tools and Equipment 728.9 Records 72References 73Part II Air Pollution Control Equipment 759 Absorbers 779.1 Description of Control Device 779.2 Design Considerations 789.3 Installation Procedures 799.4 Operation 819.5 Maintenance 839.6 Improving Operation and Performance 849.7 Recent Developments 859.8 Conclusions 86References 8610 Adsorbers 8710.1 Description of Control Device 8710.2 Design Considerations 8810.3 Installation Procedures 9010.4 Operation 9210.5 Maintenance 9710.6 Improving Operation and Performance 9810.7 Monitoring 10010.8 Recent Developments 10110.9 Conclusions 101References 10211 Incinerators 10311.1 Description of Control Devices 10311.2 Design Considerations 10511.3 Installation Procedures 10511.4 Operation 10611.5 Maintenance 10811.6 Improving Operation and Performance 10911.7 Recent Developments 10911.8 Conclusions 109References 11012 Condensers 11112.1 Description of Control Device 11212.2 Design Considerations 11312.3 Installation Procedures 11412.4 Operation 11512.5 Maintenance 11512.6 Improving Operation and Performance 11612.7 Recent Developments 11712.8 Conclusions 117References 11813 Mechanical Collectors 11913.1 Description of Control Device 12013.2 Design Considerations 12213.3 Installation Procedures 12213.4 Operation 12213.5 Maintenance 12413.6 Improving Operation and Performance 12513.7 Recent Advances 12613.8 Conclusions 126References 12614 Wet Scrubbers 12714.1 Description of Control Devices 12814.2 Design Considerations 13014.3 Installation Procedures 13114.4 Operation 13314.5 Maintenance 13614.6 Improving Operation and Performance 13814.7 Recent Developments 14514.8 Conclusions 145References 14615 Electrostatic Precipitators 14715.1 Description of Control Device 15015.2 Design Considerations 15215.3 Installation Procedures 15315.4 Operation 15415.5 Maintenance 16215.6 Improving Operation and Performance 16715.7 Recent Developments 17115.8 Conclusions 172References 17316 Baghouses 174Paul Farber16.1 Description of Control Device 17516.2 Cleaning Methods 17716.3 Design Considerations 18116.4 Installation Procedures 18216.5 Operation 18516.6 Startup and Shutdown 18616.7 Improving Operation and Performance 19216.8 Recent Advances 19316.9 Conclusions 194References 19417 Hybrid Systems 195Sean Dooley17.1 Dry Scrubbers 19617.2 Ionizing Wet Scrubber (IWS) 19817.3 Wet Electrostatic Precipitators (WEPs) 20017.4 Electrostatic Stimulation of Fabric Filtration 20117.5 Recent Advances in Control Equipment Technology 20217.6 Conclusion 202References 20218 Controlling the Oxides of Nitrogen 20318.1 The Oxides of Nitrogen 20318.2 NoX Control Methods 20618.3 Reducing NoX Generation Via Pollution Prevention 20718.4 Control of Flue Gas NoX 21018.5 Operation, Maintenance, Inspection, and Optimization Considerations 21218.6 Conclusions 212References 21219 Carbon Capture and Storage 21319.1 Properties of Carbon Dioxide 21319.2 Global Carbon Cycle 21419.3 The Greenhouse Effect 21419.4 Effects of Global Warming/Climate Change 21519.5 Carbon Dioxide Control Technologies 21619.6 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 21719.7 Final Editorial Thoughts (of One of the Authors) 21819.8 Final Editorial Thoughts (of the Other Author) 218References 21920 Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems 22120.1 Description of Control Device 22120.2 Design Procedures 22320.3 Installation Procedures 22720.4 Operation 22720.5 Startup 23020.6 Maintenance 23020.7 Improving Operation and Performance 23120.8 Conclusions 231References 23221 Biofiltration 23321.1 Description of Control Device 23421.2 Design Considerations 23521.3 Operation and Maintenance 23721.4 Improving Operation and Performance 23721.5 Conclusions 238References 23922 Stacks 24022.1 Description of Control Device 24022.2 Design Considerations 24122.3 Sulfuric Acid Attack 25122.4 Inspection and Repair of Liners 25522.5 Recent Advances 25822.6 Conclusions 259References 25923 Ventilation 26123.1 Introduction to Industrial Ventilation Systems 26123.2 Dilution Ventilation 26223.3 Local Exhaust Systems 26323.4 Selecting Ventilation Systems 26423.5 Ventilation Models 26423.6 Model Limitations 265References 266Part III Epilogue 26724 Atmospheric Dispersion 269Sarah Forster24.1 The Nature of Dispersion 26924.2 Meteorological Concerns 27024.3 Plume Rise 27124.4 Effective Stack Height 27224.5 The Pasquill-Gifford Model 27324.6 Types of Emission Sources 27424.7 Choosing A Model 27424.8 Conclusions 275References 27625 Control Equipment Cost Considerations 27725.1 Capital Costs 27725.2 Operating Costs 27825.3 Hidden Economic Factors 27925.4 Project Evaluation 28025.5 Future Trends 280References 28126 Measurement Methods 282Vincenza Imperiale26.1 Source Sampling 28326.2 Sampling Guidelines 28326.3 Continuous Emission Monitoring 28626.4 Opacity Measurements 28726.5 Sampling Statistical Analysis 28826.6 Maintenance 28926.7 Conclusions 289References 29027 Optimization Considerations 29127.1 The History of Optimization 29127.2 Optimization Overview 29227.3 The Scope of Optimization 29227.4 General Analytical Formulation of Optimization Problems 29327.5 Optimizing Performance 29427.6 Recent Developments 29627.7 Conclusions 296References 29728 Factors in Pollution Control Equipment Selection 29828.1 Environmental, Engineering, and Economic Factors 29828.2 Comparing Control Equipment Alternatives 29928.3 Equipment and Material Specifications 30228.4 Instrumentation and Controls 30328.5 Equipment Fabrication 30428.6 Installation Procedures 30428.7 Equipment Purchasing Guidelines 30428.8 Future Trends 306References 30629 Control Equipment for Specific Industries 307Emma Parente29.1 Continue Techniques Applicable to Specific Sources 30729.2 Control Techniques Applicable to Other Sources 313Reference 313Index 314