Forensic Chemistry

Jay Siegel, Emeritus Professor of Forensic Science, Michigan State UniversityJay Siegel is Director of the Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program at Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis and Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology. He holds a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry from George Washington University. He worked for 3 years at the Virginia Bureau of Forensic Sciences, analyzing drugs, fire residues and trace evidence. From 1980 to 2004 he was professor of forensic chemistry and Director of the forensic science program at Michigan State University in the School of Criminal Justice.He is Editor in Chief of the Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, author of Forensic Science: A Beginner's Guide and Fundamentals of Forensic Science and has over 30 publications in forensic science journals. Dr. Siegel was awarded the 2005 Paul Kirk Award for lifetime achievement in forensic science. In February 2009, he was named Distinguished Fellow by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. In April 2009 he was named the Distinguished Alumni Scholar Award by his alma mater, George Washington University.

• About the editor, xiiContributors, xiiiSeries preface, xvPreface, xvi1 Drugs of abuse, 1Niamh Nic Daéid1.1 Introduction, 11.2 Law and legislation, 21.3 Sampling, 41.3.1 Random sampling and representative sampling, 61.3.2 Arbitrary sampling, 71.3.3 Statistical sampling methods, 81.4 Specific drug types, 91.4.1 Cannabis, 91.4.2 Heroin, 141.4.3 Cocaine, 221.4.4 Amphetamine]type stimulants, 271.4.5 New psychoactive substances, 331.5 Conclusions, 36Acknowledgements, 36References, 362 Textiles, 40Max Houck2.1 Introduction, 402.2 A science of reconstruction, 402.2.1 Classification, 412.2.2 Comparison, 422.2.3 Transfer and persistence, 432.3 Textiles, 432.3.1 Information, 442.3.2 Morphology, 452.4 Natural fibers, 482.4.1 Animal fibers, 482.4.2 Plant fibers, 512.5 Manufactured fibers, 522.6 Yarns and fabrics, 552.6.1 Fabric construction, 562.6.2 Finishes, 592.7 Fiber types, 592.7.1 Acetate, 592.7.2 Acrylic, 592.7.3 Aramids, 602.7.4 Modacrylic, 602.7.5 Nylon, 612.7.6 Olefins (polypropylene and polyethylene), 612.7.7 Polyester, 622.7.8 Rayon, 622.7.9 Spandex, 652.7.10 Triacetate, 662.7.11 Bicomponent fibers, 662.8 Chemistry, 672.8.1 General analysis, 672.8.2 Instrumental analysis, 682.8.3 Color, 692.8.4 Raman spectroscopy, 702.8.5 Interpretation, 712.9 The future, 72References, 723 Paint and coatings examination, 75Paul Kirkbride3.1 Introduction, 753.2 Paint chemistry, 763.2.1 Binders, 763.2.2 Dyes and pigments, 863.2.3 Additives, 893.3 Automotive paint application, 913.4 Forensic examination of paint, 923.4.1 General considerations, 923.4.2 Microscopy, 953.4.3 Vibrational spectrometry, 963.4.4 SEM]EDX and XRF, 1063.4.5 Pyrolytic techniques, 1113.4.6 Color analysis, 1163.5 Paint evidence evaluation and expert opinion, 120References, 128Contents vii4 Forensic fire debris analysis, 135Reta Newman4.1 Introduction, 1354.2 Process overview, 1354.3 Sample collection, 1364.4 Ignitable liquid classification, 1374.5 Petroleum]based ignitable liquids, 1444.6 Non]petroleum]based ignitable liquids, 1604.7 Sample preparation, 1614.8 Sample analysis and data interpretation, 1664.9 Summary, 172References, 1735 Explosives, 175John Goodpaster5.1 The nature of an explosion, 1755.1.1 Types of explosions, 1755.1.2 Explosive effects, 1765.2 Physical and chemical properties of explosives, 1805.2.1 Low explosives, 1815.2.2 High explosives, 1865.3 Protocols for the forensic examination of explosives and explosive devices, 1925.3.1 Recognition of evidence, 1925.3.2 Portable technology and on]scene analysis, 1935.3.3 In the laboratory, 1945.4 Chemical analysis of explosives, 2005.4.1 Consensus standards (TWGFEX), 2015.4.2 Chemical tests, 2035.4.3 X]ray techniques, 2045.4.4 Spectroscopy, 2075.4.5 Separations, 2125.4.6 Gas chromatography, 2135.4.7 Mass spectrometry, 2155.4.8 Provenance and attribution determinations, 2195.5 Ongoing research, 221Acknowledgements, 222References, 222Further reading, 2266 Analysis of glass evidence, 228Jose Almirall and Tatiana Trejos6.1 Introduction to glass examinations and comparisons, 2286.2 Glass, the material, 2316.2.1 Physical and chemical properties, 2316.2.2 Manufacturing, 2336.2.3 Fractures and their significance, 2366.2.4 Forensic considerations: Transfer and persistence of glass, 2386.3 A brief history of glass examinations, 2416.4 Glass examinations and comparison, standard laboratory practices, 2426.4.1 Physical measurements, 2436.4.2 Optical measurements, 2446.4.3 Chemical measurements: elemental analysis, 2476.5 Interpretation of glass evidence examinations and comparisons, 2566.5.1 Defining the match criteria, 2566.5.2 Descriptive statistics, 2566.5.3 Match criteria for refractive index measurements, 2576.5.4 Informing power of analytical methods, forming the opinion, 2606.5.5 Report writing and testimony, 2626.6 Case examples, 2636.6.1 Case 1: Hit]and]run case, 2636.6.2 Case 2: Multiple transfer of glass in breaking]and]entry case, 2646.7 Conclusions, 265References, 2667 The forensic comparison of soil and geologic microtraces, 273Richard E. Bisbing7.1 Soil and geologic microtraces as trace evidence, 2737.2 Comparison process, 2747.3 Developing expertise, 2787.4 Genesis of soil, 2797.5 Genesis of geologic microtraces, 2847.6 Collecting questioned samples of unknown origin, 2877.7 Collecting soil samples of known origin, 2887.8 Initial comparisons, 2907.9 Color comparison, 2907.10 Texture comparison, 2937.11 Mineral comparison, 2977.12 Modal analysis, 3017.13 Automated instrumental modal analysis, 3087.14 Ecological constituents, 3107.15 Anthropogenic constituents, 3127.16 Reporting comparison results, 3127.17 Future directions and research, 314Acknowledgments, 314References, 315Further reading, 3168 Chemical analysis for the scientific examination of questioned documents, 318Gerald M. LaPorte8.1 Static approach, 3208.2 Dynamic approach, 3248.3 Ink composition, 3248.4 Examinations, 3288.4.1 Physical examinations, 3298.4.2 Optical examinations, 3328.4.3 Chemical examinations, 3338.4.4 Paper examinations, 3398.5 Questioned documents, crime scenes and evidential considerations, 3428.5.1 How was the questioned document produced?, 3428.5.2 What evidence can be used to associate a questioned document with the crime scene and/or victim?, 3438.5.3 Are there other forensic examinations that can be performed?, 3458.5.4 Demonstrating that a suspect altered a document, 3468.6 Interpreting results and rendering conclusions, 347References, 3509 Chemical methods for the detection of latent fingermarks, 354Amanda A. Frick, Patrick Fritz, and Simon W. Lewis9.1 Introduction, 3549.2 Sources of latent fingermark residue, 3559.2.1 Aqueous components, 3569.2.2 Lipid components, 3579.2.3 Sources of compositional variation, 3599.3 Chemical processing of latent fingermarks, 3619.3.1 Amino acid sensitive reagents, 3619.3.2 Reagents based on colloidal metals, 3709.3.3 Lipid]sensitive reagents, 3779.3.4 Other techniques, 3839.4 Experimental considerations for latent fingermark chemistry research, 3849.5 Conclusions and future directions, 387Acknowledgements, 388References, 388Further reading, 39810 Chemical methods in firearms analysis, 400Walter F. Rowe10.1 Introduction, 40010.2 Basic firearms examination, 40010.2.1 Cleaning bullets and cartridges, 40210.2.2 Analysis of bullet lead, 40410.2.3 Serial number restoration, 40610.3 Shooting incident reconstruction, 40810.3.1 Muzzle]to]target determinations, 41110.3.2 Firearm primers, 41610.3.3 Collection of gunshot residue, 42510.4 Conclusion, 433References, 43311 Forensic microscopy, 439Christopher S. Palenik11.1 The microscope as a tool, 43911.2 Motivation, 44011.2.1 Intimidation, 44211.2.2 Limitations, 44211.3 Scale, 44211.3.1 Scale and magnification, 44311.3.2 Noting scale, 44311.3.3 Analytical volume and limits of detection, 44311.4 Finding, 44511.4.1 Spatial resolution, 44511.4.2 Recovery resolution, 44711.4.3 Stereomicroscope, 44711.5 Preparing, 44811.5.1 Preservation and documentation, 44811.5.2 Isolation, 45011.5.3 Mounting, 45111.6 Looking, 45511.6.1 Light microscopy, 45611.6.2 Scanning electron microscopy, 45711.7 Analyzing, 45811.7.1 Polarized light microscopy, 45811.7.2 Energy dispersive X]ray spectroscopy, 46211.7.3 FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, 46411.7.4 Other methods, 46511.8 Thinking, 46511.9 Thanking, 467References, 46712 Chemometrics, 469Ruth Smith12.1 Introduction, 46912.2 Chromatograms and spectra as multivariate data, 47012.3 Data preprocessing, 47012.3.1 Baseline correction, 47112.3.2 Smoothing, 47312.3.3 Retention]time alignment, 47312.3.4 Normalization and scaling, 47512.4 Unsupervised pattern recognition, 47712.4.1 Hierarchical cluster analysis, 47812.4.2 Principal components analysis, 48012.5 Supervised pattern recognition procedures, 48512.5.1 k]Nearest neighbors, 48612.5.2 Discriminant analysis, 48712.5.3 Soft independent modeling of class analogy, 49212.5.4 Model validation, 49312.6 Applications of chemometric procedures in forensic science, 49412.6.1 Fire debris and explosives, 49512.6.2 Controlled substances and counterfeit medicines, 49612.6.3 Trace evidence, 49712.6.4 Impression evidence, 49912.7 Conclusions, 499Acknowledgements, 500References, 500Index, 504