Environmental Management of Energy from Biofuels and Biofeedstocks

James G. Speight is a senior fuel consultant and Visiting Professor at the University of Trinidad and Tobago and Adjunct Professor of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah, USA. He is recognized internationally as an expert in the characterization, properties, and processing of conventional and synthetic fuels. He is the author of numerous books and papers, the editor of two journals in energy, and has won numerous awards and distinctions.Kamel Singh is currently Design and Lead Project Manager at Energy Dynamics Ltd (EDL). He has over twenty years of industrial experience in the design and construction of process plants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, pipelines, and offshore production facilities as well as in welding engineering, quality control, and maintenance management. He has coauthored over ten scholarly papers and contributed to three books.

• Preface ix1 Fuels From Biomass 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Growth of Biofuels 31.2.1 Factors Spurring Growth in the Biofuels Market 41.2.2 Challenges to the Wide-Scale Use Of Biofuels 61.2.3 History of Biofuels Programs 71.2.4 Current Biofuel Production 81.3 Conventional Biomass Feedstocks 131.3.1 Fuels from Food Fiber and Feed Crops (1st Generation) 131.4 Challenges to Conventional Feedstocks 221.5 Fuels from Crop Residues, Wood and Dedicated Energy Crops 231.5.1 Characteristics of Cellulosic Biomass 241.5.2 Biomass Residues and Organic Wastes 261.5.3 Wood Residues 271.5.4 Crop Residues 281.5.5 Energy Crops 301.5.6 Micro-Algae 311.6 Technologies for Converting Biomass into Liquid Fuels 331.6.1 Thermochemical Conversion 331.6.2 Biochemical Conversion 351.6.3 Emerging Developments in Conversion Technology 361.7 The Biorefi nery Concept 381.8 Outlook for Cellulosic Liquid Fuels 421.9 Biofuels 431.9.1 Ethanol from Sugars 431.9.2 Ethanol from Starches 441.9.3 Fuel Ethanol 441.9.4 Lipid-Derived Biofuels 46References 482 Environmental Aspects 532.1 Introduction 532.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 572.3 Life Cycle Considerations of Biofuels 592.3.1 Feedstock Production, Harvest, Processing, Transport 612.4 Refining Feedstocks Into Biofuels 682.4.1 Transport of Feedstocks and Fuel 702.4.2 Combustion 712.4.3 Results of Well-to-Wheel Analyses 732.4.4 Reducing the Climate Impact of Biofuels 742.5 Impact of Growing Biomass 772.5.1 Habitat Destruction 782.5.2 Minimizing Land-Use and Impact on Wildlife 812.5.3 Impact on Soil Quality 832.5.4 Impact on Water Resources 852.5.5 Impact on Air Quality 86References 873 Biofuel Policies 933.1 Introduction 933.2 Regional, National and Local Policies 963.2.1 Africa 973.2.2 Asia and the Pacific 993.2.3 Latin America 1023.2.4 Europe 1053.2.5 North America 1063.3 International Environmental Instruments 1083.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1093.3.2 Other Emissions 1103.4 Standards and Certifi cation Schemes 1113.5 International Trade 115References 1214 The Biofuel Life Cycle 1254.1 Introduction 1254.2 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Biofuels 1264.3 Ethanol in SI Engines 1324.4 Ethanol in CI Engines 1344.5 Biodiesel Blends 1364.6 Unblended Biodiesel 1384.7 Other Biofuels 1404.7.1 Vegetable Oil and Animal Fats 1414.7.2 Dimethyl Ether 1434.7.3 Biomass to Liquid 144References 1495 Social Aspects 1535.1 Introduction 1535.2 Agricultural and Rural Development 1575.3 Expanding Markets 1595.4 Creating Employment 1635.5 Subsidies 1665.6 Biofuel Processing 1675.7 Biofuels for Local Use 1695.8 Food Versus Fuel Debate 1705.9 Infrastructure Requirements 1745.10 Transport, Storage and Delivery 1755.11 Government Policies and Regulations 178References 1826 The Future of Biofuels 1876.1 Introduction 1876.2 Next Generation Biofuels 1916.3 Integrated Refi ning Concepts – The Biorefinery 1946.3.1 The Biorefinery Concept 1966.3.2 Process Options 1976.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion 2016.3.4 Fermentation and Hydrolysis 2026.3.5 Transesterifi cation 2036.4 Strategies for Biofuel Use 2046.5 Market Barriers of Biofuel 2056.6 Managing Biofuel Production 2076.6.1 Food or Fuel 2086.6.2 Non-Food Feedstocks 2096.6.3 Vegetable Oil 2106.7 The Future 210References 215Conversion Factors 219Glossary 221Index 251