Handbook of Coal Analysis

James G. Speight has doctorate degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences, and Petroleum Engineering and is the author of more than 60 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, fossil fuel science and technology, and environmental sciences. He has more than 45 years of experience in the process industries, is the author of numerous invited book chapters and papers, is the senior editor of three journals, and has won numerous international awards and distinctions.

• Author Biography xiPreface xiii1 History and Terminology 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definitions and Terminology 21.3 Precursors of Coal 41.4 Coal-Forming Processes 71.5 Heteroatoms in Coal 81.5.1 Nitrogen 91.5.2 Oxygen 101.5.3 Sulfur 111.5.4 Other Elements 121.6 Physical Structure 131.7 Petrology and Petrography 141.7.1 Petrology 141.7.2 Petrography 151.7.3 Microlithotypes 171.7.4 Inorganic Constituents 171.7.5 Petrology, Petrography, and Behavior 181.8 Coal and Coal Analysis 21References 232 Identification of Coal 272.1 Introduction 272.2 Analytical Techniques 312.3 Standard Test Methods 352.4 Coal Classification 372.5 Use of Coal 432.5.1 PreModern Use of Coal 442.5.2 Modern Use of Coal 472.6 The Future 49References 503 Sampling and Sample Preparation 543.1 Introduction 543.2 Sampling 563.2.1 General Aspects 573.2.2 Manual Sampling 613.2.3 Mechanical Sampling 653.3 Sample Preparation 663.4 Washability 683.5 Accuracy and Precision 733.5.1 Accuracy 733.5.2 Precision 743.5.3 Repeatability 743.5.4 Bias 753.5.5 Method Validation 763.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 783.7 Interrelationships of the Data 80References 814 Mineral Matter 844.1 Introduction 844.2 Origin and Occurrence 854.2.1 Origin 874.2.2 Occurrence 884.3 Mineral Types 904.3.1 Clay Minerals 914.3.2 Silicate Minerals 924.3.3 Carbonate Minerals 934.3.4 Sulfide and Sulfate Minerals 934.3.5 Other Minerals 944.3.6 Effect of Mineral Matter on Coal Use 944.4 Evaluation 954.4.1 Ashing Techniques 974.4.2 Ash Analysis and/or Direct Mineral Analysis 994.4.3 Non-Ashing Techniques 1064.4.4 Data Handling and Interpretation 1084.5 Chemistry of ASH Formation 110References 1125 Proximate Analysis 1165.1 Introduction 1165.2 Moisture Content 1185.2.1 Test Methods 1245.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1265.3 ASH 1275.3.1 Test Methods 1285.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1315.4 Volatile Matter 1325.4.1 Test Methods 1335.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1355.5 Fixed Carbon 1365.6 Coal Assay 1375.6.1 Gray–King Assay at 600 ∘C (1112 ∘F) 1375.6.2 Gray–King Assay at 900 ∘C (1652 ∘F) 1385.6.3 Other Carbonization Tests 1385.7 Other Methods 140References 1406 Ultimate Analysis 1446.1 Introduction 1446.2 Carbon and Hydrogen 1456.2.1 Test Methods 1456.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1476.3 Nitrogen 1486.3.1 Test Methods 1486.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1506.4 Oxygen 1506.4.1 Test Methods 1516.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1536.5 Sulfur 1556.5.1 Test Methods 1566.5.2 Determination of the Forms of Sulfur 1586.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 1606.6 Chlorine 1616.6.1 Test Methods 1616.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1626.7 Mercury 1636.7.1 Test Methods 1636.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 1646.8 Other Constituents 1646.8.1 Carbon Dioxide 1646.8.2 Arsenic and Selenium 166References 1667 Physical Properties 1707.1 Introduction 1707.2 Density and Specific Gravity 1727.3 Porosity and Surface Area 1807.4 Reflectance 1867.5 Refractive Index 1907.6 Electrical Conductivity 1907.7 Dielectric Constant 1937.8 Dielectric Strength 194References 1948 Thermal Properties 1988.1 Introduction 1988.2 Calorific Value 1988.2.1 Test Methods 2038.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2058.3 Heat Capacity 2068.3.1 Test Methods 2068.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2068.4 Thermal Conductivity 2098.4.1 Test Methods 2098.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2098.5 Plastic and Agglutinating Properties 2108.5.1 Test Methods 2118.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2128.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 2158.6 Free Swelling Index 2168.6.1 Test Method 2168.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2198.7 ASH Fusibility 2208.7.1 Test Methods 2218.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2228.8 Thermal Conductivity 2238.8.1 Test Methods 2238.8.2 Data handling and Interpretation 223References 2249 Mechanical Properties 2269.1 Introduction 2269.2 Strength 2289.2.1 Test Methods 2299.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2319.3 Hardness 2319.3.1 Test Methods 2329.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2339.4 Friability 2349.4.1 Test Methods 2369.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2379.5 Grindability 2389.5.1 Test Methods 2389.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 2399.6 Other Mechanical Properties 2429.6.1 Cleat Structure 2429.6.2 Deformation and Flow under Stress 244References 24510 Solvent Properties and Spectroscopic Properties 24910.1 Introduction 24910.2 Solvent Properties 25010.2.1 Action of Specific Solvents 25310.2.2 Influence of Coal Rank 25410.2.3 Influence of Petrographic Composition 25510.2.4 Analysis of Coal Extracts 25610.3 Spectroscopic Properties 25710.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 25710.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 26110.3.3 Mass Spectrometry 26310.3.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 26410.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction 26510.3.6 Electron Spin Resonance 26510.3.7 Miscellaneous Methods 266References 26711 The Need for Coal Analysis 27511.1 Introduction 27511.2 Identification and Character of Coal 27611.3 Physical Properties 27811.4 Production 27911.4.1 Dust 28011.4.2 Fugitive Emissions 28111.4.3 Mine Waste Disposal 28111.4.4 Subsidence 28211.5 Preparation, Transportation, and Storage 28311.5.1 Preparation 28311.5.2 Transportation 28311.5.3 Storage 28411.6 Utilization 28511.6.1 Combustion 28511.6.2 Carbonization 29211.6.3 Liquefaction 29311.6.4 Gasification 293References 294Glossary 298Common Conversion Factors Used in Coal Technology 338Index 341