Enduring Issues in American Nursing

Ellen D. Baer, RN, PhD, FAAN, is the Wallace Gilroy Visiting Professor of Nursing at the University of Miami and Professor Emeritus of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania, where she held the Hillman Term Professorship in Nursing and where she remains an Associate Director of the Center for the Study of the History of Nursing.Patricia D’Antonio, RN, PhD, is an Adjunct Associate Professor of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania, a Fellow at the Center for the Study of the History of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Associate Editor of Nursing History Review.Sylvia D. Rinker, RN, PhD, is Associate professor of Nursing at Lynchburg College in Lynchburg, Virginia. She is Chair of the Strategic Planning Committee of the American Association for the History of Nursing, archivist for the Xi Upsilon Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau at Lynchburg College, and on the Advisory Board for the Center for the History and Culture of Central Virginia.Joan E. Lynaugh, RN, PhD, FAAN, is Professor Emeritus of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania where she held the History of Nursing and Health Care Term Professorship. Dr. Lynaugh was the Founder and Director, now Associate Director, of the Center for the Study of the History of Nursing and the Associate Dean and Director of Graduate Studies at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. She currently chairs the Board of Trustees of the Visiting Nurse Association of Greater Philadelphia.

• Preface Section I: Contemporary Issues in Historical Context Introduction, Ellen D. Baer Nursing's History: Looking Backward and Seeing Forward, Joan Lynaugh The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender in the Nursing Profession, Darlene Clark Hines Section 2: Identity: The Meaning of Nursing Introduction, Joan E. Lynaugh Isabel Hampton and the Professionalization of Nursing in the 1890s, Janet James Discipline, Obedience, and Female Support Groups: Mona Wilson at the Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing, 1915-1918, Douglas Baldwin To Cultivate a Feeling of Confidence: The Nursing of Obstetric Patients, 1890-1940, Sylvia Rinker Midwives as Wives and Mothers: Urban Midwives in the Early Twentieth Century, Linda Walsh Section 3: The Nature of Power and Authority in Nursing Introduction, Patricia O. D'Antonio Aspirations Unattained: The Story of the Illinois Training School's Search for University Status, Ellen D. Baer Guarded by Standards and Directed by Strangers: Charleston, South Carolina's Response to a National Health Care Agenda, 1920-1930, Karen Buhler-Wilkerson Strange Young Women on Errands: Obstetric Nursing between Two Worlds, Judith Walzer Leavitt The Physician's Eyes: American Nursing and the Diagnostic Revolution in Medicine, Margarete Sandelowski Section 4: The Nature of Nursing Knowledge Introduction, Joan E. Lynaugh Constructing the Mind of Nursing, Diane Hamilton A Legitimate Relationship: Nursing, Hospitals, and Science in the Twentieth Century, Susan Reverby Lavinia Lloyd Dock: The Henry Street Years, Carole A. Estabrooks Delegated by Default or Negotiated by Need? Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, and the Process of Clinical Thinking, Julie Fairman Section 5: Conclusion Introduction, Sylvia Rinker Revisiting and Rethinking the Rewriting of Nursing History, Patricia D'Antonio Appendix: Suggestions for Further Reading

"Why turn to the past when attempting to build nursing's future?...To make good decisions in planning nursing's future in the context of our complex health care system, nurses must know the history of the actions being considered, the identities and points of view of the major players, and all the stakes that are at risk. These are the lessons of history." -- from the Introduction"