Ecorestoration for Sustainability

Arnab Banerjee, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals, 16 books, and 60 book chapters. He is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology. Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Phd, is an assistant professor in the Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published 86 scientific papers, 14 books, 75 book chapters, and several extension articles. He is an editorial board member for several journals and a life member of numerous societies. Surendra Singh Bargali, PhD, is a professor of botany with additional charge as Director of Environmental Sciences in Kumaun University, India. He has more than 30 years of teaching and research experience and has published more than 150 research papers in scientific journals. Debnath Palit, PhD, is the Principal of Durgapur Government College, India. He has more than 20 years of teaching experience and more than 24 years of research experience and has published more than 85 research papers, five books, and 33 book chapters.

• List of Contibutors xvPreface xix1 Ecorestoration for Environmental Sustainability—An Introductory Framework 1Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Surendra Singh Bargali and Debnath Palit1.1 Introduction 21.2 Global Scenario of Ecosystem Types and Their Degradation 41.2.1 Agroecosystem 51.2.2 Forests 61.2.3 Freshwater 71.2.4 Grasslands, Shrub Lands, and Savannahs 71.2.5 Mountains 81.2.6 Oceans and Coasts 81.2.7 Peat Lands Around 91.2.8 Urban Areas 101.3 Need of Ecorestoration 101.3.1 The Economy 111.3.2 Food Security 121.3.3 Clean Water 121.3.4 Health and Well-Being 131.3.5 Climate Change Mitigation 131.3.6 Climate Change Adaptation 141.3.7 Security 141.3.8 Biodiversity 151.3.9 Synergies and Trade-Offs 161.4 Ecological Restoration and Forestry 161.4.1 Forested Wetland Restoration 161.5 Ecological Restoration and Societal Development 171.5.1 Ecological Restoration in Social Context 171.6 Policies and Strategy Formulation for Ecological Restoration Toward Environmental Sustainability 171.6.1 Novel Ecosystems and Adapting to Rapid Global Change 181.6.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture and Enhancing Socioecological Resilience 191.6.3 Increasing the Multifunctionality and Productivity of Agricultural Landscapes 201.6.4 Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions 201.6.5 Ecorestoration of Agroecosystem 211.6.6 Urbanization and Development 221.6.7 Biodiversity Offset Mitigation Through Ecological Restoration 231.6.8 Ecological Restoration as an Integral Component of Production Landscapes 241.7 Evidence of Success and Benefits of Ecological Restoration 251.8 Conclusion 26References 272 Agricultural Soil Management and Ecorestoration Under Climate Change: Practices for Sustainable Soil Resource 49Zied Haj-Amor, Tesfay Araya, Tapos Kumar Acharjee, Salem Bouri and Ruediger Anlauf2.1 Introduction 502.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Soil 512.2.1 Soil Erosion 512.2.2 Soil Salinization 522.2.3 Drought 532.3 Potential for Soil and Ecorestoration to Mitigate Climate Change 542.3.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration 542.3.2 Soil Management Practices for Increasing Carbon Storage in Soil 552.3.3 Ecorestoration of Agricultural Soil 572.3.4 Potential for Ecorestoration of Soil to Mitigate and Adapt Climate Change 582.4 Soil Water Management Under Climate Change/Variability 592.4.1 Experiences from Europe 592.4.1.1 Improvement of Irrigation to Save Water 592.4.1.2 Shifts in Land Use to Adapt to Climate Change 612.4.2 Experiences from Bangladesh 612.4.3 Experiences from Tunisia 662.5 Recommendations for Sustainable Soil Management and Environmental Sustainability 662.6 Policy Framework for Ecorestoration and Management of Agricultural Soil 672.7 Future Roadmap for Ecorestoration Toward Sustainable Soil Resource 682.8 Conclusion 69Funding 70References 703 Integrated River Health Assessment System (IRHAS): A Promising Tool for Ecorestoration of Tropical Indian Rivers 77Parul Gurjar, Kuldeep Lakhera, Vipin Vyas and Rumeet Kour Raina3.1 Introduction 783.1.1 River Ecology—An Introductory Remark 783.1.2 Status/Scenario of Tropical Rivers in India 783.1.3 Concept of Ecorestoration of Riverine Ecosystem in India 793.1.4 Role of Biodiversity in Riverine Conservation 803.2 Integrated River Health Assessment System (IRHAS)—A Promising Tool 803.2.1 Physical Analysis 813.2.1.1 Physical Habitat 813.2.1.2 Riparian Zone 833.2.1.3 Biological Analysis 893.2.1.4 Chemical Analysis 933.3 Legal and Policy Framework for Effective Implementation of Integrated River Health Assessment System 963.4 Future Roadmap of Integrated River Health Assessment System 973.5 Concluding Remarks for the Implementation of IRHAS in Indian River Systems to Achieve Environmental Sustainability 98References 984 Wetland Restoration Policies and the Sustainability of Agricultural Productions, Lessons Learnt from Zrebar Lake, Iran 113Shervin Jamshidi and Anahita Naderi4.1 Introduction 1144.1.1 What is Eutrophication? 1144.1.2 Clarity Reduction 1144.1.3 Clogging Filters 1154.1.4 Increasing Health Risks 1154.1.5 Increasing Ecological Risks 1164.1.6 pH Variation 1174.1.7 Human Ecosystem 1174.2 What is the Cause? 1184.3 Integrated Sustainable Management 1204.3.1 Trends and Approaches 1204.3.2 Best Management Practices (BMPs) 1234.3.3 Accounting Sustainability by Water Footprint 1254.4 Zrebar Lake 1284.4.1 Basin Characteristics 1284.4.2 Basin Ecology 1324.4.3 Pollution Sources 1414.4.4 Water Quality 1444.4.5 Lessons Learnt 1494.4.5.1 Zrebar Lake in Studies 1494.4.5.2 BMPs Impact 1514.4.5.3 Future Trends and Directives 1554.4.5.4 Legal and Policy Framework 1584.5 Conclusion 159References 1605 Strategies for Ecosystem Biomass Conservation: Review, Analysis, and Evaluation 167Silvina M. Manrique5.1 Introduction 1685.1.1 Sustainable Development: Bases and Principles 1685.1.2 Planetary Limits and Natural Capital 1695.2 Loss of Biospheric Integrity 1715.2.1 Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Climate 1715.2.2 The Global State of Natural Capital 1725.2.3 Loss of Biomass Integrity of Ecosystems 1755.3 Strategies for the Conservation/Restoration of Ecosystem Biomass 1765.3.1 Ecorestoration 1775.3.2 Payment for Environmental Services (PES) 1785.3.3 Nature-Based Solutions 1785.3.4 Ecosystem-Based Adaptation 1785.3.5 Protected Areas (PAs) 1785.4 Case Study: Native Forests, Biomass, and Ecosystem Services 1805.4.1 Lower Yungas Forest (LYF) Context 1805.4.2 Characterization and Analysis 1815.4.3 Physiognomy, Floristic Composition, and Richness 1845.4.4 Stock and Distribution of Carbon in Ecosystem Reservoirs 1885.4.5 Protected Areas Value and Management Strategies 1915.5 Effectiveness of Conservation Measures 1935.5.1 Protected Areas: Are They Meeting Their Goal? 1935.5.2 Effectiveness of Protected Areas 1945.6 Conclusions 1955.7 Policy and Legal Framework for Ecosystem Biomass Conservation 1965.8 Forest Ecosystem Biomass Conservation Toward Environmental Sustainability 1985.8.1 Forest Biomass: A Complex and Multidiverse Source of Benefits 1985.9 Future Roadmap of Forest Biomass Conservation 1995.10 Final Thoughts 201References 2026 Reclamation of Mined Soil in RCF Region—A Phytoremediation Approach 211Debalina Kar and Debnath Palit6.1 Introduction 2126.2 Impact of Mining 2126.3 Bioremediation and Phytoremediation 2136.4 Material and Methods 2146.4.1 Study Sites 2146.4.2 Ecological Survey or Phytosociological Study for Identifying Pioneering Species of Trees 2146.5 Results and Discussion 2156.6 Conclusion 240References 2407 Ecological Restoration of Various Ecosystems: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Natural Resource Management 245C.B. Ethis-Eriakha and S.E. Akemu7.1 Introduction 2467.2 Ecosystem as a Natural Support System for Biodiversity 2477.3 Pollution of the Natural Ecosystem 2487.4 Deforestation 2497.5 Consequences of Pollution of the Natural Ecosystem 2507.6 Ecorestoration for Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 2537.7 Various Approaches to Ecological Restoration—Natural Regeneration and Active Ecorestoration 2557.8 Tools for Ecological Restoration of Various Ecosystems 2567.9 Ecorestoration of Biodiversity in Terrestrial, Aquatic Ecosystems, Wetlands, Tropical Forests, Grasslands 2577.10 Research and Development Activities in Ecorestoration for Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 2587.11 Policy and Legal Framework for Ecorestoration, Conservation of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 2597.12 Future Roadmap 2607.13 Conclusion 261References 2618 Managing Forests for Offsetting Carbon Footprints 267Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bharat Lal, Taher Mechergui, Annpurna Devi and Ghanshyam8.1 Introduction 2688.2 Global Forests Scenario 2698.3 Carbon Footprint: A Conceptual Framework 2728.4 Carbon Footprint Calculator 2768.5 Technology for Forest Cover and Carbon Assessment 2778.6 Measuring Carbon Emissions from Deforestation 2808.7 Carbon Sinks in Forests 2828.8 Forest Management for Carbon Mitigation 2838.9 Emerging Challenges and Constraint 2848.10 Research and Development Toward Footprints 2858.11 Policy and Legal Framework 285References 2869 Ecosystem Management of Polluted Forest and Its Implication on Biodiversity Conservation in the Niger Delta 295Aroloye O. Numbere and Eberechukwu M. Maduike9.1 Introduction 2969.2 Profiles of Mangrove Biodiversity in the Niger Delta 2989.2.1 Vegetation 2989.2.2 Wildlife 2999.2.3 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollution on Mangrove Flora and Fauna 3009.2.4 Impact of Pesticide (Herbicide) Application on Mangrove Vegetation 3029.3 Environmental Management and Restoration Ecology as Solutions 3039.4 The Human Factor and the Practice of a Win-Win Ecology in Biodiversity Conservation 3049.5 Regional Versus Local Site Management 3089.6 Policy and Legal Framework and Eco-Restoration of Polluted Sites and Biodiversity Conservation of Niger Delta 3099.7 Future Research and Development of Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystem in the Niger Delta 3109.8 Conclusion 311References 31210 Forest Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration: Policies, Plan, and Approaches 317Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bhimappa Honnappa Kittur, Surendra Singh Bargali, Kiran Bargali and Sharad Nema10.1 Introduction 31810.1.1 Forest Resources and Biodiversity 32010.1.2 Faunal Diversity in Tropical Forest 32110.1.3 Forest Degradation and Fragmentation 32510.2 Need for Forest Restoration Program 32610.3 Value of Restoring Forests 32910.4 Forest Landscape Restoration Vis-A-Vis Conservation Strategies 32910.5 Forest Landscape Restoration for Ecological Integrity 33010.6 Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest 33110.7 Ecosystem Approaches to Forest Restoration: Learning from the Past 33210.8 Forest Restoration for Enhancing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 33210.9 Forest Landscape Restoration: Indian Perspective 33410.10 Forest Landscape Restoration for C Footprint and Climate Change Mitigation 33610.11 Forest Landscape Restoration for Livelihood and Well-Being 33810.12 Constraints and Challenges 33810.13 Existing Policy and Its Reformation 33910.14 Advances in Restoration: Plan and Execution 34010.15 Recommendation and Future Research 34010.16 Conclusion 341References 34111 Geospatial Techniques in Sustainable Forest Management for Ecorestoration and Different Environmental Protection Issues 351Shiboram Banerjee and Debnath Palit11.1 Introduction 35211.2 The Assessment of Forest Resources and Its Sustainable Use 35511.3 Aerial Mode of Remote Sensing 35611.4 Satellite Mode of Remote Sensing 35711.5 Assessment of Wildlife Habitat 35911.6 Assessment of Biodiversity Networks 35911.7 Productivity and Biomass Assessment in Terrestrial Regime 36011.8 Land Cover and Land Use Analysis 36011.9 Characterization of Wetland at Landscape Level 36111.10 Assessment of Grassland Habitat 36211.11 Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration 36211.12 Detection of Air Pollution Intensities 36311.13 Ecorestoration for Sustainable Development 36411.14 Conclusions 366Acknowledgments 366References 36712 Climate-Induced Conflicts Between Rural Farmers and Cattle Herders: Implications on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Nigeria 373Angela Oyilieze Akanwa, Arnab Banerjee , Manoj Kumar Jhariya, L.N. Muoghalu, A.U. Okonkwo, F.I. Ikegbunam, I.C. Ezeomedo, S.O. Okeke, P.U. Igwe, V.C. Arah, C.C. Anukwonke, M.C. Obidiegwu and E.I. Madukasi12.1 Introduction 37412.2 Agroecological Zones and Climate Change in Nigeria—Drought Crisis in Sahel 37712.3 Ethnic Conflicts, Origin, and Intensification of Violence and Impacts 38312.3.1 Pre-Colonial Era 38312.3.2 Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods 38512.3.3 Impacts of Conflict: Human Costs 39212.3.4 Loss of Revenue 39512.3.5 Growing Food Insecurity in Nigeria 39512.4 Environmental Injustice and Herder/Farmer Conflict in Nigeria 39812.5 Confronting the Challenges of Farmer/Herder Conflict in Nigeria 39912.5.1 Intensified Agricultural Activities in Nigeria 39912.5.2 Community Participation 40212.5.3 Intervention of Science and Technology 40312.5.4 Policy and Legal Perspective 40512.6 Conclusion 406References 40713 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Environmental Sustainability 417Asmida Ismail, Faezah Pardi, Khairul Adzfa Radzun, Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta, Mohd Nazip Suratman, Nurul Aida Kamal Ikhsan and Faeiza Buyong13.1 Introduction 41813.2 The Insight on Management and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 41913.3 Unequal Distribution of Natural Resources 42013.4 Success Stories of Natural Resource Sustainable Management 42113.4.1 Germany 42113.4.2 China 42213.4.3 Malaysia 42313.5 Policy and Legal Framework for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources: A Review on United Nation (UN) 50 Years of Sustainable Development Policy 42513.6 Future Outlook of Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 43013.6.1 The Future of Sustainable Management 43113.6.1.1 Political Commitment 43113.6.1.2 Sustainable Development Policy 43113.6.1.3 Mathematical Model 43213.6.1.4 Advanced Technology 43213.6.2 Comprehensive Approach 433References 433About the Editors 439Index 441