Ecosystem Management

Arnab Banerjee, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals, as well as 17 books and 90 book chapters. Additionally, he is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology and is dynamically involved in post-graduate teaching and research, including work as a fellow under a University Grants Commission project. Manoj Kumar Jhariya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Farm Forestry at Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He is the author or co-author of more than 86 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 16 books, 86 book chapters, and several extension articles and serves as an editorial board member of several journals. He is a life member of The Indian Science Congress Association, Applied and Natural Science Foundation, Society for Advancement of Human and Nature, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India, and International Journal of Development and Sustainability. Abhishek Raj, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Forest Product and Utilization, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, India. He has published over 20 papers in scientific journals, 60 book chapters, and five books. Taher Mechergui, PhD, is an assistant professor on the faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Forest, Tabarka Pastoral Resources, Jarzouna, Tunisia. He has published various research papers and chapters from reputed international publishers and has a long, well-respected career in academia and research, particularly in research and development. He has a wide specialization in the diverse field of ecophysiology along with allied biological sciences.

• List of Contributors xxviiPreface xxxiii1 Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Global Sustainability—An Introduction 1Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj and Taher Mechergui1.1 Introduction 21.2 Ecosystem Management 41.3 Key Principles Behind Ecosystem Management 61.3.1 Importance of Species as a Tool for Ecosystem Management 61.3.2 People are the Integral Part of Ecosystem 61.3.3 Recognizing the Need for Knowledge-Based Adaptive Ecosystem Management 71.3.4 Application of Precautionary Principle in Ecosystem Management 81.3.5 Inter Sectoral Collaboration for Ecosystem Management and Sustainability 81.3.6 Making Ecosystem-Based Management a Mainstream Development Approach 91.4 Climate Change and Ecosystem Management 101.5 Issues and Challenges of Global Sustainability 121.6 Climate Change and Health 131.7 Ecosystem Management and Global Sustainability 141.7.1 Sustainability of Bioresources 151.7.2 Sustainability of Agroecosystem 151.7.3 Energy Resource for Sustainable Harvesting 161.7.4 Sustainability Toward Green Economy and Society 161.8 Conclusion 161.9 Future Perspectives of Ecosystem Management, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability 17References 182 Climate Change Mitigation Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture 23Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit2.1 Introduction 242.2 Climate Change Risks on Global Agriculture System 272.3 The History and Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Agriculture 302.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture 322.5 Importance of Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture 332.5.1 Ensuring Access to Food While Preserving Natural Resources 352.5.2 Economic Benefits and Resilience of Smallholder Farmers 352.5.3 Mitigating GHG Emissions 362.5.4 Enhancing Agricultural Resilience Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture 362.5.4.1 Diversification 362.5.4.2 Soil Health 372.5.4.3 Water Management 372.5.4.4 Agroforestry 372.5.5 Promoting Sustainable Land Management 372.5.6 Benefits for Smallholder Farmers 382.5.6.1 Increased Productivity and Income 382.5.6.2 Improved Soil Health and Nutrient Management 382.5.6.3 Conservation of Natural Resources 382.6 Various Climate-Smart Technologies Toward CC Mitigation 392.6.1 cc Mitigation Through Conservation Agriculture 392.6.1.1 Soil Carbon Sequestration 392.6.1.2 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions 392.6.1.3 Water Conservation 392.6.1.4 Biodiversity Conservation 402.6.2 cc Mitigation Through Agroforestry 402.6.2.1 Carbon Sequestration 402.6.2.2 Reduced Emissions 402.6.2.3 Enhanced Resilience 412.6.2.4 Socio-Economic Benefits 412.6.3 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Organic Farming 412.6.3.1 Soil Management 412.6.3.2 Reduced Synthetic Inputs 422.6.3.3 Agroforestry and Biodiversity 422.6.3.4 Livestock Management 422.6.4 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Precision Agriculture 422.6.4.1 Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions 432.6.4.2 Minimizing Methane (CH 4) Emissions 432.6.4.3 Enhancing Carbon Sequestration 432.6.5 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Conservation Agriculture 442.6.5.1 Carbon Sequestration 442.6.5.2 Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions 442.6.5.3 Methane Emissions 442.7 Policy Support and International Cooperation 452.7.1 Policy Support and International Cooperation for Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture in India 462.8 Future Directives Toward Climate-Smart Practices Toward Sustainable Agriculture 462.9 Conclusion 47References 483 Management of Soil Degradation: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Oil Degradation, Food Insecurity, and Climate Change 55Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sohail, Hussein Alserae, Ayesha Abdul Qadir, Tajammal Hussain, Predrag Ilic, Sobia Riaz and Zikria Zafar3.1 Introduction 563.2 Soil Degradation: Causes and Extent 573.2.1 Soil Salinity 593.2.2 Erosion 603.2.3 Polluted Soils 603.3 Management of Soil Degradation 613.3.1 Salt-Affected Soil 623.3.1.1 Scraping, Leaching, and Salt Flushing 623.3.1.2 Chemical Remediation 633.3.1.3 Organic and Microbial Remediation 633.3.1.4 Irrigation Management 643.3.1.5 Phytoextraction 643.3.2 Soil Erosion 643.3.2.1 Afforestation and Vegetative Cover 653.3.2.2 Controlled Grazing 653.3.2.3 Flood Control 663.3.2.4 Water Conservation 663.3.2.5 Fertilizing and Manuring Schemes 663.3.3 Soil Pollution 673.3.3.1 Encouragement of Permaculture 673.3.3.2 Phytoremediation 683.3.3.3 Soil Carbon Pool 683.3.3.4 Education and Awareness 683.3.3.5 Avoiding Monoculture 683.4 Win-Win Strategies/Effective Resource Utilization in Management of Degraded Soils 693.4.1 Application of Organic Materials 693.4.2 Crop Production 703.4.3 Carbon Sequestration 703.4.4 Soil Degradation Neutralization 713.5 Conclusions 713.6 Future Perspective of Combating Land Degradation 72References 724 Green Approaches to Mitigate Climate Change Issues in Indian Subcontinent 79Jayati Chakraborti, Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit4.1 Introduction 804.1.1 Climate Change and its Impacts on the Indian Subcontinent 804.1.2 The Importance of Adopting Green Approaches to Mitigate cc 814.1.2.1 Reduction of GHG Emissions 824.1.2.2 Preservation of Ecosystems and Biodiversity 824.1.2.3 Promotion of Renewable Energy 824.1.2.4 Adaptation to CC Impacts 824.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives 824.2.1 Renewable Energy Initiatives Worldwide 834.2.1.1 Paris Agreement (2015) 834.2.1.2 European Green Deal (2019) 834.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Standard in California (2002) 834.2.1.4 Feed-in Tariffs in Germany 834.2.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives in India 834.2.2.1 National Solar Mission 844.2.2.2 Wind Energy Development 844.2.2.3 Hydroelectric Power 844.2.2.4 Bioenergy Initiatives 844.2.3 Role of Different Green Energy in Reducing GHG Emissions 854.2.3.1 Solar Power 854.2.3.2 Wind Power 864.2.3.3 Hydroelectric Power 864.2.4 Government Policies and Initiatives Promoting Renewable Energy 874.2.4.1 Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) and Feed-In Tariffs (FiTs) 894.2.4.2 Investment Tax Credits (ITCs) and Production Tax Credits (PTCs) 894.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Standards and Targets 894.2.4.4 Green Energy Certificates and Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) 894.2.5 Government Policies in Indian Subcontinent for Promotion of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy Sources 904.2.5.1 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (jnnsm) 904.2.5.2 Wind Power Policy 904.2.5.3 National Biofuel Policy 904.2.5.4 Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) 904.3 Sustainable Agriculture Practices 914.3.1 Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Mitigating CCs 914.3.1.1 Conservation Agriculture 914.3.1.2 Agroforestry 914.3.1.3 Precision Agriculture 914.3.1.4 Organic Farming 914.3.1.5 Water Management 924.3.1.6 Livestock Management 924.3.2 Significance of Sustainable Agriculture in Mitigating CC in Indian Subcontinent 924.3.2.1 GHG Emissions 924.3.2.2 Carbon Sequestration 924.3.2.3 Climate Resilience 934.3.2.4 Water Conservation 934.3.2.5 Livelihoods and Food Security 934.3.3 Organic Farming, Agroforestry, and Precision Agriculture as Green Approaches 934.3.3.1 Organic Farming 934.3.3.2 Agroforestry 934.3.3.3 Precision Agriculture 944.3.4 Benefits and Challenges of Adopting Sustainable Agriculture Practices 944.3.4.1 Knowledge and Awareness Gap 944.3.4.2 Financial Constraints 944.3.4.3 Policy and Institutional Support 944.3.4.4 Market Access and Demand 954.3.4.5 Social and Cultural Factors 954.4 Forest Conservation and Reforestation in CC Mitigation 954.4.1 Role of Forests in Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Conservation 964.4.2 Focuses on Forest Conservation, Afforestation, and Reforestation in Indian Subcontinent 964.4.2.1 Green India Mission (GIM) 964.4.2.2 National Afforestation Program (NAP) 964.4.2.3 Joint Forest Management (JFM) 974.4.2.4 Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (campa) 974.4.2.5 Aranyaani 974.5 Waste Management and Circular Economy as Green Approach 974.5.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects, Recycling Initiatives, and Sustainable Waste Management Practices in Indian Subcontinent 984.5.1.1 Waste-to-Energy Projects 984.5.1.2 Recycling Initiatives 1004.5.1.3 Sustainable Waste Management Practices 1004.6 Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning 1014.6.1 Role of Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning in CC and Air Pollution 1014.6.2 Green Transportation Initiatives, Including Electric Vehicles and Improved Public Transportation and Urban Planning in Indian Subcontinent 1014.6.2.1 Electric Vehicles (EVs) 1014.6.2.2 Improved Public Transportation: Metro Rail Systems 1024.6.2.3 Urban Planning 1024.7 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience 1034.7.1 Need for Adaptation Strategies in the Indian Subcontinent 1034.8 Policies and Governance in Promoting Green Approaches in Indian Subcontinent 1034.8.1 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) 1044.8.2 Renewable Energy Policies 1044.8.3 Energy Efficiency Initiatives 1044.8.4 Waste Management Policies 1044.9 Importance of Stakeholder Collaboration and International Cooperation in India in CC Mitigation Through Green Approach 1044.9.1 Knowledge Sharing 1054.9.2 Resource Mobilization 1054.9.3 Policy Development and Implementation 1054.9.4 Technology Transfer 1054.9.5 Capacity Building 1054.10 Challenges and Opportunities Faced in Implementing Green Approaches in the Indian Subcontinent 1064.11 Conclusion 1064.11.1 GHG Emission Reduction 1074.11.2 Climate Adaptation 1074.11.3 Natural Resource Conservation 1074.11.4 Socio-Economic Benefits 1074.11.5 Global Leadership and Collaboration 107References 1085 Management of Environmental Pollution: Hyperaccumulator Plants, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), and Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation 115Tareq A. Madouh and Merlin K. Davidson5.1 Introduction 1165.2 Heavy Metals and Environmental Pollution 1165.2.1 Heavy Metals and Soil Pollution 1185.2.2 Heavy Metals and Water Pollution 1195.2.3 Heavy Metals and Air Pollution 1195.3 Impact of Heavy Metals 1205.3.1 Heavy Metals on Plant Growth 1205.3.2 Heavy Metals on Animal Growth 1215.3.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Aquatic Biota 1225.3.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity of Human Beings 1235.4 Remediation Measures 1245.5 Phytoremediation 1245.5.1 Plant Heavy Metal Toxicity and Their Survival Mechanisms 1255.5.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Species 1265.5.2.1 Classification of Hyperaccumulator Plants 1275.5.2.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Characteristics 1285.5.3 Mechanisms of Bioremediation 1305.5.3.1 Phytoextraction 1305.5.3.2 Phytodegradation 1315.5.3.3 Rhizodegradation 1315.5.3.4 Rhizofiltration 1315.5.3.5 Phytovolatilization 1325.5.3.6 Phytostabilization 1325.6 AMF in Heavy Metal Remediation 1335.6.1 Phytoremediation with AMF 1335.6.2 Mutualistic Symbiosis of AMF in Rhizosphere 1345.6.2.1 Bioalleivator 1355.6.2.2 Biofertilizers 1365.6.3 AMF-Induced Heavy Metal Detoxification 1365.7 Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation 1385.7.1 Biochar 1395.7.2 Organic Residues for Biochar Fabrication 1395.7.3 Biochar Attributes 1405.7.3.1 Physiochemical Properties of Biochar 1405.7.3.2 Biological Properties of Biochar 1405.7.4 Nutrient Content of Biochar 1415.7.5 Merits of Biochar Supplementation to Soil 1415.7.6 Biochar in Environmental Management 1435.7.6.1 Biochar–Heavy Metal Interaction 1435.7.6.2 Bio-Phytoremediation With Biochar 1435.7.7 Biochar Attributes in Affecting Heavy Metal Toxicity 1455.7.7.1 Physicochemical Properties of the Contaminated Soil 1455.7.7.2 Physicochemical Attributes of Biochar 1455.7.7.3 Biochar Application Modes 1465.8 Mechanisms of Biochar-AMF–Aided Phytoremediation 1485.9 Future Prospects and Research Needs 1505.10 Conclusion 152References 1536 Global Climate Change and Ecosystem Services: An Indian Perspective 171Niladri Sekhar Mondal and Apurba Ratan Ghosh6.1 Introduction 1726.2 Understanding Ecosystem Services and Their Importance 1736.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services 1766.3.1 Effects on Supporting Services 1766.3.1.1 Water Recycling 1786.3.1.2 Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration 1796.3.1.3 Nutrient Cycling and Soil Formation 1796.3.2 Effects on Provisioning Services 1806.3.2.1 Agricultural Productivity 1806.3.2.2 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 1816.3.2.3 Forest Resources 1826.3.2.4 Livestock and Grazing Resources 1826.3.2.5 Energy Resources 1836.3.3 Effects on Regulating Services 1836.3.3.1 Climate Regulation 1846.3.3.2 Disease Regulation 1846.3.3.3 Flood Control and Water Regulation 1856.3.3.4 Air Quality Regulation 1866.3.3.5 Coastal Protection 1866.3.4 Effects on Cultural Services 1876.3.4.1 Tourism and Aesthetic Values 1876.3.4.2 Cultural Heritage 1886.3.4.3 Spiritual and Religious Connections 1886.3.4.4 Ecotourism and Sustainable Practices 1896.4 Policy, Governance, and Future Pathways 1906.5 Conclusion 191References 1927 Mensurational Assessment of Partial, Total Tree, and Stand Mortality of Mangrove Dieback Amidst Climate Change in The Gambia, West Africa 205Gordon N. Ajonina and J-Hude E. Moudingo7.1 Introduction 2067.2 Operational Definition of Dieback 2077.3 Material and Methods 2087.3.1 Biodiversity 2097.3.2 Conservation and Restoration Efforts 2097.3.3 Integrated Approach to the Dieback Study 2097.3.4 Survey of Mangrove Sites and Sampling Strategy 2107.3.5 Measurement Protocols 2117.3.5.1 Measurement of Tree and Stand Parameters for Forest Structure Following Dieback 2117.3.5.2 Tree Diameter Measurements 2117.3.5.3 Tree Height Measurements 2127.3.5.4 Root, Sapling, and Seedling Inventory 2137.3.6 Statistical Data Analysis 2207.4 Findings 2217.4.1 Situation of Dieback in Study Areas 2217.4.1.1 Overview of Vegetation Profile and Structure in Affected and Healthy Sites 2217.5 Conclusions 2437.6 Management of Mangrove Ecosystem Against Dieback and Future Outlook 244Acknowledgments 245References 2458 Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Sustainability: Issues, Challenges, and Bioremediation Strategies 249Sudeshna Mitra, Prosanta Saha and Debnath Palit8.1 Introduction 2508.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution and Global Sustainability 2508.1.2 Metals Considered as “Heavy” Types 2518.1.3 Sources of HMs in Environment 2518.1.3.1 Lithogenic Sources (Natural Sources) 2538.1.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources (Manmade Sources) 2558.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals 2568.3 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals 2578.3.1 Mechanism of Physical Remediation 2628.3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis 2628.3.1.2 Filtration 2628.3.1.3 Electrodialysis 2628.3.2 Mechanism of Chemical Remediation 2678.3.2.1 Ion Exchange 2678.3.2.2 Adsorption 2678.3.2.3 Chemical Precipitation 2688.3.3 Bioremediation 2688.3.3.1 Mechanism of Bioremediation 2698.4 Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Heavy Metal Remediation 2778.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals by Biofilms 2798.4.2 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosurfactants 2798.4.3 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Nanoparticles 2808.4.4 Genetic Engineering in Heavy Metal Bioremediation 2808.4.5 Removal of Heavy Metals Using Biosensors 2818.5 Conclusion 281References 2829 Innovative Techniques for Soil and Water Conservation 291Maghchiche Abdelhak9.1 Introduction 2929.2 Importance of Soil and Water Conservation 2949.2.1 Traditional Soil and Water Conservation Methods 2959.2.2 Need for Innovative Techniques 2969.3 Emerging Technologies in Soil and Water Conservation 2979.3.1 Holistic Climate-Resilient Land, Soil, and Water Management Technologies and Practices 2979.3.2 Water-Efficient Technology 2979.3.3 AI-Driven Management 2989.3.4 Remote Sensing Technology 2999.3.5 Atmospheric Water Irrigation System 2999.3.6 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 3009.3.7 Rainwater Collection Systems 3009.3.8 Precision Farming 3009.3.9 Conservation Tillage 3009.4 Innovative Techniques for Soil Conservation 3009.4.1 Polymers and Biopolymers for Soil Conservation 3019.4.1.1 Biopolymer-Based Soil Treatment (BPST) 3029.4.1.2 Environmentally Friendly Soil Binders 3029.4.1.3 Cross-Linked Polymer Soil Stabilizer 3039.4.1.4 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 3039.4.1.5 Leather Waste-Derived Fertilizers 3039.5 Nanotechnology for Soil and Water Conservation 3049.5.1 Water Purification 3049.5.2 Soil Remediation 3049.5.2.1 Nanomaterials and Soil Stabilization 3059.5.2.2 Enhancing Plant Growth with Nanoparticles 3079.5.2.3 Soil Erosion Control 3079.6 Innovative Techniques for Water Conservation 3089.6.1 Rainwater Storage and Reuse 3089.6.2 Precision Irrigation Technologies 3089.6.3 Water-Saving Technology 3089.6.4 Digital Water Management 3099.6.5 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 3099.6.6 Desalination 3109.6.7 Wastewater Processing 3119.6.8 Advanced Filtration 3129.6.9 Improved Sensors 3139.6.9.1 Soil Moisture Sensors 3139.6.9.2 Remote Sensing Technology 3139.6.9.3 Wireless Sensors 3139.6.9.4 Integration with Decision Support Systems 3149.6.10 Satellite Telemetry 3149.7 Challenges and Opportunities in Adopting Innovative Techniques for Water and Soil Conservation 3149.7.1 Challenges in Adopting Innovative Techniques 3149.7.1.1 Traditional Mindset and Resistance to Change 3159.7.1.2 Skills and Training Shortage 3159.7.1.3 Expense and Investment 3159.7.1.4 Time and Resources for Acquiring and Implementing New Tools 3159.7.1.5 Adapting to Swift Technological Progress 3159.7.2 Opportunities for Adopting Innovative Techniques 3169.7.2.1 Enhanced Efficiency 3169.7.2.2 Increased Productivity 3169.7.2.3 Cost Reduction 3169.7.2.4 Competitive Advantage 3169.7.2.5 Enhanced Efficiency and Productivity 3169.7.2.6 Advanced Resource Management 3179.7.2.7 Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis 3179.7.2.8 Collaborative Knowledge Sharing 3179.7.2.9 Addressing Societal Challenges 3179.8 Conclusion 3179.9 Future Outlook for Innovative Water and Soil Conservation 318References 31910 “Green Technology”—Efficient Solution Toward Environmental Management in 21st Century 327Sangeeta Banerjee and Debnath Palit10.1 Introduction 32810.1.1 General Aims and Objectives of Green Technology 32810.1.2 Necessity of Green Technology for Environmental Management 32910.1.3 Nexus Between Green Technology, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability 33110.1.3.1 Green Technology and Climate Change 33210.1.3.2 Green Technology and Ecosystem Management 33310.1.3.3 Green Technology and Global Sustainability 33310.2 Application of Green Technology in Different Sectors 33410.2.1 Energy 33610.2.1.1 Renewable Energy Sources 33610.2.1.2 Energy-Efficient Technology 33910.2.2 Agriculture 34010.2.3 Waste Management and Recycling 34110.2.4 Building and Construction 34210.2.5 Vertical Gardens and Farms 34210.2.6 Transportation 34310.2.7 Emission Treatment 34310.2.8 Water Treatment 34310.2.9 Air Purification 34410.2.10 Healthcare 34410.2.11 Food and Its Processing 34510.3 Challenges in Adopting Green Technology 34510.4 Government Initiative in Green Technology 34510.5 Some Green Companies in India 34910.6 Conclusion 34910.7 Future Perspective of Green Technology Toward Environmental Management 349References 35011 Navigating Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Through a Systemic Lens: Core Principles 353Leonid Melnyk, Inna Koblianska, Iryna Dehtyarova and Oleksandr Kubatko11.1 Introduction 35411.2 Prerequisites for the Shift Toward Sustainability: A Historical and Resource-Energy Perspective 35611.3 Natural and Societal Underpinnings of Sustainability 35911.4 Systemic Basics of Natural and Social Object Functioning 36311.5 Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Through the Prism of System Principles 36711.6 Contours of Sustainable Economy 36911.7 Key Pathways for Advancing Sustainable Economy 37211.8 Principles of Natural and Social Systems’ Sustainable Development 37411.9 Ecosystems’ Contributions to Maintaining Equilibrium in a Sustainable Economy 38611.10 Mechanisms of Sustainability Transformation 38711.11 Conclusions 389References 39112 A Vulnerability Study on Groundwater Arsenic Exposures and Possible Sustainable Management Options 397Alok Chandra Samal, Piyal Bhattacharya, Anusaya Mallick, Manoj Kumar Kar and Subhas Chandra Santra12.1 Introduction 39812.2 Toxicity of Arsenic 39912.3 Origin and Mobility of Arsenic in the Environment 40012.4 Arsenic in Soil and Crops 40112.4.1 Arsenic in Soil 40112.4.2 Arsenic in Crops and Vegetables 40212.5 Epidemiology of Chronic Arsenicosis 40412.6 Arsenic Flow in Ecosystems 40412.7 Arsenic-Induced Health Risks Through Dietary Pathway 40512.8 Strategic Management of Arsenic Contamination 40612.8.1 Arsenic Transport and Control Mechanism 40612.8.2 Arsenic Removal Technology Options 40612.9 Biological Techniques for Removal of Arsenic 40812.9.1 Phytoremediation of Arsenic Through Hyperaccumulation Plants 40912.10 Water Resource Management for Minimization of Arsenic Contamination 40912.10.1 Watershed Management 40912.10.2 Irrigation Planning for Agricultural Practice 41012.11 Conclusions 41012.12 Future Research and Development Toward Management of Groundwater Contamination of Arsenic 411References 41113 Lessons Learned From Six Landscape Restoration Initiatives in Cameroon with Focus on the Species Selection and Women’s Involvement 427Hermann Taedoumg and Francois Manga Essouma13.1 Introduction 42813.2 Site and Project Selection 43113.3 Data Collection Device 43113.4 General Characterization 43113.5 Species Choice 43813.6 Key Aspects and Lessons Learned 44213.6.1 Specific Lessons Learned From REPARAC/IRAD (ri1) 44413.6.2 Specific Lessons From “Un Parisien, un arbre” (ri2) 44413.6.3 Specific Lessons From “Dimako Communal Forestry” (RI3) 44513.6.4 Specific Lessons From “Sahel Vert Reforestation Operation” (RI4) 44513.6.5 Specific Lessons From “PRODEBALT” (RI5) 44613.6.6 Specific Lessons From “Water, Soil, and Trees (ESA)” (ri6) 44613.7 Conclusions Recommendations and Future Perspectives 44713.7.1 Conclusions 44713.7.2 Recommendations 44913.7.3 Future Perspective of Landscape Restoration 450References 45014 Micropollutants in Environment: Sources, Ecotoxicity, and Strategies for Remediation 453Abhratanu Ganguly, Sayantani Nanda, Kanchana Das, Siddhartha Ghanty, Gopal Biswas, Moutushi Mandi, Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik and Prem Rajak14.1 Introduction 45414.2 Environmental Pollution as a Decade-Old Concern 45514.3 Micropollutants in the Environment and Their Sources 45714.3.1 Fertilizers and Pesticides 45714.3.2 Textile Dyes 45814.3.3 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 45914.3.4 Particulate Matters 46014.3.5 Microplastics 46614.3.6 Heavy Metals 46714.3.7 Distribution of Micropllutants on Global and Indian Perspective 46814.4 Ecotoxicity of Micropollutants 46914.4.1 Impacts on Invertebrates 46914.4.2 Impacts on Fish 47014.4.3 Impacts on Amphibians and Reptiles 47114.4.4 Impacts on Birds 47214.4.5 Impacts on Mammals and Humans 47214.5 Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity 47414.6 Remedial Approaches 47414.6.1 Bioremediation 47414.6.2 Physico-Chemical Remediation 47514.7 Future Research and Development on Micropollutants for Sustainable Ecosystem Management 47714.8 Conclusion 478Acknowledgments 478References 47915 Acid Mine Drainage: A Silent Threat to Environmental Health and Its Journey Toward Sustainable Management 493Sagarika Mukherjee, Manas Paramanik, Sudip Paramanik, Suman Dasmodak, Prem Rajak and Abhratanu Ganguly15.1 Introduction 49415.2 Understanding the Genesis and Characteristics of AMD 49615.3 Scenario of AMD in Globe and Indian Subcontinent 49915.4 Impacts of AMD 49915.4.1 Impact on Economy 49915.4.2 Impact on Environment and Life Forms 50015.4.3 Impact on Human Health 50215.5 Prevention of AMD 50215.5.1 Controlling AMD Formation 50215.5.2 Controlling AMD Migration 50315.6 Remediation from AMD 50415.7 Sustainable Mining Practices 50615.7.1 Reuse of Resources 50615.7.1.1 Conventional Membrane Methods 50615.7.1.2 Alternative Membrane Methods 50715.7.2 Resource Recovery 50815.8 Conclusion 51015.9 Future Researches and Development in AMD 510References 51116 Bio-Collage Mode of Plantation for Increase in Green Cover to Manage Ecosystem and Environment 519Subhra Bandopadhyay and Debnath Palit16.1 Introduction 52016.2 Background 52116.3 Objective 52216.3.1 Deforestation 52316.3.2 Global Warming 52316.3.3 Habitat Destruction 52316.3.4 Urbanization 52316.4 Practices of Plantation 52516.4.1 Ancient Practices of Plantation 52516.4.2 Social Forestry and Afforestation Practices 52516.4.3 Extant Method of Plantation Including Afforestation 52516.5 Recast Modality of Plantation 52616.5.1 Category 1 (“Add-On” Initiative) 52616.5.2 Category 2 (“In-Pair” Initiative) 52816.5.3 Category 3 (“Fabric” Initiative) 52916.6 Elaboration of Suitable Plant Types 53016.6.1 Shade Trees as Found Planted on the Sides of Road Corridors 53016.6.2 Edible Fruit Plants as Found Planted Scatteredly or on Isolated Places as well as on the Road Side 53016.6.3 Ornamental Plants Usually Found as Avenue Trees in Most Cities/Towns for Showy Flowers or Appreciable Shapes of the Plant 53016.6.4 Trees Found Wild or Selectively Planted 53016.6.5 Low-Height or Shrubby Plants Beautifying the Median Strip of National Highways and State Highways 53116.7 Statutory Precaution 53216.8 Future Directive 53316.8.1 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature and Ecosystem Management 53416.8.2 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Combatting Environmental Pollution and Climate Change 53516.8.3 Innovative Greening Approach for Bio-Decorative Nature Toward Environmental Sustainability 53616.9 Conclusion 536References 53717 The Impact of Unsustainable Development and Climate Change on Agriculture and Forestry in Nigeria: Predictions, Solutions, and Management 541Aroloye O. Numbere, Keayiabarido Jude, Sobomate B. Chuku, Miracle C. Uzoma, Chinedu Obanye, Peace Ohia, Udi Emoyoma and Ibiene W. Dick-Abbey17.1 Introduction 54217.2 Unsustainable Development: The Nigeria Perspective 54217.3 Fisheries and Vegetation Resources in Nigeria 54417.3.1 Sustainable Fisheries Management 54717.4 Climate Change Scenario in Nigeria 54917.4.1 Wetland, Agriculture, Forest, and Land Resources 54917.4.2 Sand Land Characteristics 55017.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources 55117.5.1 Impact on Wetlands 55117.5.2 Impact of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources 55217.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Natural Resources 55317.6.1 Anthropogenic Activities 55417.6.2 Natural Resources 55417.6.3 Impact on Water Bodies 55517.6.4 Impact on Air 55517.6.5 Impact on Land and Soil 55617.6.6 Impact on Biodiversity 55617.7 Environmental Management of Natural Resources 55717.8 Solutions to Present and Future Climate Change Predictions 55817.8.1 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 55817.8.2 Decarbonizing Transportation 56017.8.3 Reforestation and Afforestation 56117.8.4 Renewable Energy in Buildings 56317.8.5 Methane and Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Emission Reduction 56517.8.5.1 Methane (CH4) 56517.8.5.2 Other Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) 56717.9 Policy Decision and Regulation/Legal Framework 57017.10 Conclusion and Recommendations 57117.11 Future Perspective 571References 57218 Monitoring Water Quality to Support Sustainable Development: A Case Study From a Small Tropical Mountain River System, Southwest of Kerala, India 581Shabna Sherin, K.S. Arunkumar and Sreechitra Suresh18.1 Introduction 58218.2 Data and Methodology 58218.2.1 Study Area 58218.2.2 Materials and Methods 58318.3 Results and Discussion 58418.3.1 Piper Diagram 58718.3.2 Gibbs Diagram 58818.3.3 Comparison Graphs of HCO 3 Versus Ca + Mg, Total Cations Versus Na + K, and Total Cations Versus Ca + Mg 58818.3.4 Correlation Matrix 59018.3.5 Water Quality Assessments 59118.3.5.1 Drinking Water Quality 59118.3.5.2 Irrigation Water Quality 59218.4 Conclusion 59618.5 Future Perspective of Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental Sustainability 597Acknowledgment 597References 59719 Wetland Management Through Integrated Fish Farming: An Institutional Case Study 599Saurabh Sarkar, Sukhendu Roy, Aparnita Nandi Roy, Ankit Kumar Bhagat, Hemanta Mukhopadhyay and Uday Chand Mete19.1 Introduction 60019.1.1 Wetlands and Their Importance 60119.1.2 Necessity for Wetland Management 60119.1.3 Integrated Fish Farming Scenario Across the Globe and Indian Subcontinent 60219.2 Wetland/Water Body 60319.2.1 Study Area 60419.3 Aquaculture Research and Training Unit 60519.3.1 Establishment of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit 60519.3.2 Objective of Aquaculture Research and Training Unit 60619.3.2.1 Education for the Students 60619.3.2.2 Research 60719.3.2.3 Training Program 60719.3.2.4 Entrepreneurship 60719.4 Management of Water Body 60819.4.1 Pisciculture 60919.4.1.1 Pond Preparation 60919.4.1.2 Fish Varieties 61019.4.1.3 Release of Fingerling 61019.4.1.4 Inspection and Sampling 61119.4.1.5 Feeding and Rearing 61119.4.1.6 Capture of Adult Fishes and Other Aquatic Animals 61219.4.1.7 Marketing 61319.4.1.8 Education and Training 61419.4.2 Larvicidal Fish Culture Hub 61519.4.2.1 Pond Preparation 61519.4.2.2 Fish Varieties 61519.4.2.3 Release of Larvicidal Fishes 61619.4.2.4 Rearing/Culture of Larvicidal Fishes 61719.4.2.5 Dengue/Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention 61719.4.2.6 Community Service 61719.4.3 Sustainable Development 61819.4.3.1 Wastewater Management via Phytoremediation 61919.4.3.2 Ecosystem Conservation 62019.4.3.3 Conservation of Natural Habitat 62119.5 Future Plans 62219.5.1 Integrated Poultry and Pearl Culture 62219.5.2 Larvicidal Fish Marketing, Aquarium Establishment, Ornamental, as well as Training 62319.5.3 Medicinal Plant Garden 62319.5.4 Butterfly Conservation Center 62319.5.5 Establishment of Biodiversity Park 62419.6 Future Research and Development in Integrated Fish Farming and Wetland Management 62419.7 Conclusion 624References 62520 Millet-Based Food Adoption for Environmental Sustainability and Nutritional Security 629Anusaya Mallick, Kumar Rajnish, Kausik Mondal, Rasmani Hazra and Alok Chandra Samal20.1 Introduction 63020.2 Origin of Millets 63220.3 Global Distribution and Production of Millets 63420.4 Distribution of Millet Cultivation in India 63620.5 Millets with Their Nutritional Value 63920.5.1 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 63920.5.2 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) 63920.5.3 Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) 64020.5.4 Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) 64020.5.5 Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) 64020.5.6 Kodo Millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) 64020.5.7 Little Millet (Panicum miliare) 64120.5.8 Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa crusgalli) 64120.5.9 Browntop Millet (Brachiaria ramose) 64120.6 Millet Cultivation Toward Environmental Resilience and Agricultural Sustainability 64320.7 Health Benefits of Millet 64420.8 Effect of Millet Consumption on Gut Microbiome 64520.9 Constraints of Millet Production 64620.10 Millet-Based Value-Added Products 64720.10.1 Food Products 64720.10.2 Millet as Bio-Fuel 64720.10.3 Millet as Fodder 64920.10.4 Millet as Beverages 64920.11 Millet as the Staple Food for Tribal Community 64920.12 Millet Movement Under Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Program 65020.13 Conclusion 65020.14 Future Research and Development in Sustainable Millet Production and Environmental Sustainability 651References 652About the Editors 659Index 661