Diagnostic Imaging: Genitourinary

Dr. Bryan Foster is a body imaging radiologist with a subspecialty focus on oncologic, hepatobiliary, pancreatic, prostate, and small bowel imaging. Dr. Foster is the Professor of Radiology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon, and performs complex image-guided biopsies; he also performs CEUS imaging and US elastography. Dr. Foster is skilled in all facets of imaging including radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, and MRI. His interests include oncologic, hepatobiliary, pancreatic, prostate, and small bowel imaging. Dr. Foster has recently started performing contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (as the only site in Oregon) and US elastography. He is one of two radiologists that perform MRI-guided prostate biopsies (also only site in Oregon). Recently he was selected as an Honored Educator for the Radiological Society of North America. Ghaneh Fananapazir is Professor of Radiology at the University of California - Davis in Sacramento, California

• SECTION 1: OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION4 Imaging ApproachesBryan R. Foster, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MDSECTION 2: RETROPERITONEUM12 Introduction to RetroperitoneumBryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARCONGENITAL16 Duplications and Anomalies of IVCBryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARINFLAMMATION20 Retroperitoneal FibrosisAlice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARDEGENERATIVE24 Pelvic LipomatosisBryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARTREATMENT RELATED26 Retroperitoneal HemorrhageAlice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR30 Postoperative LymphoceleAlice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARBENIGN NEOPLASMS32 Retroperitoneal Neurogenic TumorBryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARMALIGNANT NEOPLASMS36 Retroperitoneal SarcomaAlice Fung, MD40 Retroperitoneal and Mesenteric LymphomaAlice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR44 Retroperitoneal MetastasesBryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR48 Solitary Fibrous TumorBryan R. Foster, MDSECTION 3: ADRENAL52 Introduction to AdrenalsMitchell Tublin, MD, Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACRINFECTION56 Adrenal Tuberculosis and Fungal InfectionMitchell Tublin, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACRMETABOLIC OR INHERITED58 Adrenal HyperplasiaGhaneh Fananapazir, MD60 Adrenal InsufficiencyMitchell Tublin, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACRTRAUMA62 Adrenal HemorrhageGhaneh Fananapazir, MD, Mitchell Tublin, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACRBENIGN NEOPLASMS66 Adrenal CystMitchell Tublin, MD70 Adrenal AdenomaMitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD76 Adrenal MyelolipomaMitchell Tublin, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR80 PheochromocytomaMitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MDMALIGNANT NEOPLASMS86 Adrenal Cortical CarcinomaMitchell Tublin, MD, Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR90 Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma StagingAkram M. Shaaban, MBBCh102 Adrenal LymphomaMitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD104 Adrenal MetastasesMitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD108 Adrenal Collision TumorMitchell Tublin, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MDSECTION 4: KIDNEY AND RENAL PELVIS112 Introduction to Renal Physiology and ContrastAlessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD114 Introduction to Kidney and Renal PelvisAlessandro Furlan, MDNORMAL VARIANTS AND PSEUDOLESIONS120 Renal Fetal LobationAmir A. Borhani, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR122 Junctional Cortical DefectAmir A. Borhani, MD124 Column of BertinAmir A. Borhani, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACRCONGENITAL126 Horseshoe KidneyAlessandro Furlan, MD, Mark D. Sugi, MD, and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR130 Renal Ectopia and AgenesisAlessandro Furlan, MD, Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR, and Mark D. Sugi, MD134 Ureteropelvic Junction ObstructionAlessandro Furlan, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACR138 Congenital Megacalyces and MegaureterAlessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD140 Renal LymphangiomatosisAlessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MDINFECTION142 Acute PyelonephritisGhaneh Fananapazir, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD146 Chronic Pyelonephritis/Reflux NephropathyAlessandro Furlan, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD148 Xanthogranulomatous PyelonephritisLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, AlessandroFurlan, MD, and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD152 Emphysematous PyelonephritisLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, AlessandroFurlan, MD, and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD154 Renal AbscessLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, AlessandroFurlan, MD, and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD158 PyonephrosisLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and AlessandroFurlan, MD160 Opportunistic Renal InfectionsAlessandro Furlan, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDRENAL CYSTIC DISEASE162 Renal CystKanupriya Vijay, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD166 Parapelvic (Peripelvic) CystKanupriya Vijay, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD168 Bosniak Classification of Cystic MassesBenjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD and Kevin Kalisz, MD172 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney DiseaseBryan R. Foster, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD176 Acquired Cystic Kidney DiseaseGhaneh Fananapazir, MD and Alessandro Furlan, MD178 von Hippel-Lindau DiseaseAlessandro Furlan, MD and Mark D. Sugi, MD182 Medullary Cystic DiseasesGhaneh Fananapazir, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD,FACR184 Lithium NephropathyLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, Alessandro Furlan, MD, and Amir A. Borhani, MD186 Localized Cystic Renal DiseaseAlessandro Furlan, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD, FACRBENIGN NEOPLASMS188 Renal AngiomyolipomaLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR194 Renal OncocytomaLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR198 Metanephric AdenomaLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU, Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD, and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR200 Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor FamilyGhaneh Fananapazir, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD,FSARINFLAMMATION202 IgG4 Renal DiseaseKevin Kalisz, MD and Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD206 Histiocytic DiseasesBryan R. Foster, MDMALIGNANT NEOPLASMS208 Renal Cell CarcinomaMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR214 Renal Cell Carcinoma StagingLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and DouglasRogers, MD234 Medullary CarcinomaKevin Kalisz, MD236 Collecting Duct CarcinomaKevin Kalisz, MD238 Urothelial CarcinomaLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T.Heller, MD, FSAR242 Renal Pelvis and Ureter Carcinoma StagingAkram M. Shaaban, MBBCh260 Renal LymphomaLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and Matthew T.Heller, MD, FSAR262 Renal MetastasesMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSARMETABOLIC264 NephrocalcinosisKevin Kalisz, MD268 UrolithiasisMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR272 Paroxysmal Nocturnal HemoglobinuriaMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSARRENAL FAILURE AND MEDICAL RENAL DISEASE274 HydronephrosisLori Mankowski Gettle, MD, MBA, FSRU and AlessandroFurlan, MD276 GlomerulonephritisGhaneh Fananapazir, MD and Michael P. Federle, MD,FACR278 Acute Tubular InjuryAlessandro Furlan, MD280 Renal Cortical NecrosisBenjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD282 Renal Papillary NecrosisKevin Kalisz, MD284 HIV NephropathyAlessandro Furlan, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD286 Chronic Renal FailureAlessandro Furlan, MD288 Renal LipomatosisAlessandro Furlan, MD, Amir A. Borhani, MD, and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MDVASCULAR DISORDERS290 Renal Artery StenosisAmir A. Borhani, MD and Kanupriya Vijay, MD294 Renal InfarctionKanupriya Vijay, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD300 Renal Vein ThrombosisKanupriya Vijay, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD304 Renal VasculitisBryan R. Foster, MDTRAUMA306 Renal TraumaMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR and Ghaneh Fananapazir,MD310 UrinomaMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSARTRANSPLANTATION312 Kidney Transplant Normal AnatomyGhaneh Fananapazir, MD316 Vascular Thrombosis in Kidney TransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MD320 Transplant Renal Artery StenosisGhaneh Fananapazir, MD324 Arteriovenous Fistulas Involving Kidney TransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MD326 Pseudoaneurysms Involving Kidney TransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MD328 Urinary Obstruction Involving Kidney TransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MD330 Perinephric Fluid Collections Involving KidneyTransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MD334 Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative DiseaseInvolving Kidney TransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MD338 Acute Tubular Necrosis in Kidney TransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MD340 Rejection in Kidney TransplantsGhaneh Fananapazir, MDTREATMENT RELATED344 Postoperative State, KidneyBenjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD348 Radiation NephropathyBenjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD350 Contrast-Induced NephropathyKevin Kalisz, MD, Benjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD, andAmir A. Borhani, MDSECTION 5: URETER356 Introduction to UreterBryan R. Foster, MDCONGENITAL358 Duplicated and Ectopic UreterBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD362 UreteroceleBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, INFLAMMATION366 Ureteritis CysticaBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD368 Ureteral StrictureBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDTRAUMA370 Ureteral TraumaBryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARNEOPLASMS374 Fibroepithelial PolypBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD376 Ureteral Urothelial CarcinomaBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDMISCELLANEOUS380 Ureterectasis of PregnancyKyle K. Jensen, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDSECTION 6: BLADDER384 Introduction to BladderKyle K. Jensen, MD, Amir A. Borhani, MD, and Paula J. Woodward, MDCONGENITAL388 Urachal AnomaliesKyle K. Jensen, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDINFECTION392 CystitisKyle K. Jensen, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD394 Bladder SchistosomiasisBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD396 MalakoplakiaBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDDEGENERATIVE398 Bladder CalculiBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD400 Bladder DiverticulumBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD404 Fistulas of Genitourinary TractBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD408 Neurogenic BladderBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDTRAUMA410 Bladder TraumaKyle K. Jensen, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARTREATMENT RELATED414 Postoperative State, BladderBenjamin Wildman-Tobriner, MD and Amir A. Borhani,MDBENIGN NEOPLASMS418 Inflammatory Myofibroblastic TumorBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD420 Bladder and Ureteral Intramural MassesBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDMALIGNANT NEOPLASMS424 Urinary Bladder Carcinoma StagingAkram M. Shaaban, MBBCh438 Squamous Cell CarcinomaBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD440 AdenocarcinomaBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDSECTION 7: URETHRA/PENIS444 Introduction to UrethraBryan R. Foster, MD and Paula J. Woodward, MDNEOPLASMS446 Urethral Carcinoma StagingAkram M. Shaaban, MBBChINFECTION460 Urethral StrictureBryan R. Foster, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR462 Urethral DiverticulumAlice Fung, MD and Matthew T. Heller, MD, FSARTRAUMA466 Urethral TraumaBryan R. Foster, MD468 Erectile DysfunctionMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSARTREATMENT RELATED470 Penile and Urethral ImplantsBryan R. Foster, MD474 Gender-Affirming Surgery: Female to MaleKyle K. Jensen, MD478 Gender-Affirming Surgery: Male to FemaleKyle K. Jensen, MDSECTION 8: TESTESNONNEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS486 Approach to Scrotal SonographyBryan R. Foster, MD488 CryptorchidismBryan R. Foster, MD and Paula J. Woodward, MD490 Testicular TorsionBryan R. Foster, MD and Shweta Bhatt, MD494 Segmental InfarctionBryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD496 Tubular EctasiaAlice Fung, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD498 Testicular MicrolithiasisAlice Fung, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MDNEOPLASMS500 Germ Cell TumorsKyle K. Jensen, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD504 Testicular Carcinoma StagingAkram M. Shaaban, MBBCh520 Stromal TumorsKyle K. Jensen, MD and Shweta Bhatt, MD524 Testicular Lymphoma and LeukemiaShweta Bhatt, MD and Kyle K. Jensen, MD526 Epidermoid CystKyle K. Jensen, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MDSECTION 9: EPIDIDYMIS530 EpididymitisBryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD534 Adenomatoid TumorBryan R. Foster, MD and Katherine E. Maturen, MD, MS536 Spermatocele/Epididymal CystAlice Fung, MD and Katherine E. Maturen, MD, MS538 Sperm GranulomaAlice Fung, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MDSECTION 10: SCROTUM542 HydroceleBryan R. Foster, MD544 VaricoceleBryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD546 PyoceleBryan R. Foster, MD and R. Brooke Jeffrey, MD548 Inguinal HerniaBryan R. Foster, MD554 Fournier GangreneBryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MD556 Fibrous Pseudotumor of ScrotumBryan R. Foster, MD and Paula J. Woodward, MD558 Scrotal TraumaBryan R. Foster, MD and Mitchell Tublin, MDSECTION 11: SEMINAL VESICLES564 Congenital Seminal Vesicle LesionsBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MD566 Acquired Seminal Vesicle LesionsBryan R. Foster, MD and Amir A. Borhani, MDSECTION 12: PROSTATE570 Prostatitis and AbscessBryan R. Foster, MD572 Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBryan R. Foster, MD576 Prostatic CystBryan R. Foster, MD578 Prostate CarcinomaBryan R. Foster, MD584 PI-RADS Lexicon and UsageBryan R. Foster, MD594 Prostate Carcinoma StagingJeffrey Dee Olpin, MDSECTION 13: PROCEDURES612 Native and Transplant Kidney BiopsyZachary B. Jenner, MD and Ghaneh Fananapazir, MD618 Percutaneous Genitourinary InterventionsMatthew T. Heller, MD, FSAR, Ashraf Thabet, MD, andZachary B. Jenner, MD630 Kidney AblationMitchell Tublin, MD, Ashraf Thabet, MD, and Zachary B.Jenner, MD640 Kidney EmbolizationZachary B. Jenner, MD, Mitchell Tublin, MD, and AshrafThabet, MD650 Venous Sampling and Venography (Renal andAdrenal)Amir A. Borhani, MD, T. Gregory Walker, MD, FSIR, andZachary B. Jenner, MD