Joseph M. Hawes is Professor Emeritus at the University of Memphis, USA. N. Ray Hiner is Professor Emeritus of History and Education at the University of Kansas, USA.Together, they are co-editors of Growing Up in America: Children in Historical Perspective; American Childhood: A Research Guide and Historical Handbook; and Children in Historical and Comparative Perspective: An International Handbook and Research Guide. Joseph Hawes’ most recent works include Family and Society in American History and Family in American Society, an Encyclopedia.