Contemporary Health Physics

Problems and Solutions

Inbunden, Engelska, 2009

AvJoseph John Bevelacqua,USA) Bevelacqua, Joseph John (Bevelacqua Resources, Richland

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This is the first text specifically designed to train potential health physicists to think and respond like professionals. Written by a former chairman of the American Board of Health Physics Comprehensive Panel of Examiners with more than 20 years of professional and academic experience in the field, it offers a balanced presentation of all the theoretical and practical issues essential for a full working knowledge of radiation exposure assessments. As the only book to cover the entire radiation protection field, it includes detailed coverage of the medical, university, reactor, fuel cycle, environmental and accelerator areas, while exploring key topics in radiation basics, external and internal dosimetry, the biological effects of ionizing radiation, and much more besides. Backed by more than 500 worked examples developed within the context of various scenarios and spanning the full spectrum of real-world challenges, it quickly instills in readers the professional acumen and practical skills they need to perform accurate radiation assessments in virtually any routine or emergency situation.The result is a valuable resource for upper-level students and anyone preparing to take the American Board of Health Physics Comprehensive Examination, as well as for professionals seeking to expand their scope and sharpen their skills.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2009-02-18
Mått178 x 245 x 41 mm
Vikt1 492 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor722
Upplaga2
FörlagWiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
ISBN9783527408245

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Tillämpad fysik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
Fysik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Joseph John Bevelacqua, PhD, CHP, is the President of Bevelacqua Resources. A theoretical nuclear physicist by training, Dr. Bevelacqua is a Certified Health Physicist and Certified Senior Reactor Operator and has over 30 years of professional experience. This includes the medical, fuel cycle, accelerator, power reactor, environmental, and non-ionizing areas. He was a key player in the Three Mile Island and Hanford cleanup activities, and is an active researcher with over 80 publications. His research areas include heavy ion cancer therapy, theoretical physics, and health physics applications. He recently received the California University Pennsylvania's Professional Excellence Award for his accomplishments.

Preface to the Second Edition viiPreface to the First Edition ixA Note on Units xiPart I Basic Concepts: Theory and Problems 11 Introduction 31.1 Scenarios 4Scenario 1.1 4Scenario 1.2 4Scenario 1.3 5Scenario 1.4 5Scenario 1.5 7Scenario 1.6 8Scenario 1.7 9Scenario 1.8 9Scenario 1.9 10Scenario 1.10 10Scenario 1.11 11Scenario 1.12 12Scenario 1.13 13Scenario 1.14 14Scenario 1.15 15Scenario 1.16 15Scenario 1.17 17Scenario 1.18 17Scenario 1.19 18Scenario 1.20 19Scenario 1.21 20Scenario 1.22 21Scenario 1.23 22Scenario 1.24 23Scenario 1.25 24Scenario 1.26 25Scenario 1.27 26Scenario 1.28 28Scenario 1.29 28Scenario 1.30 29Scenario 1.31 31Scenario 1.32 33Scenario 1.33 34Scenario 1.34 35Scenario 1.35 36Scenario 1.36 37Scenario 1.37 38Scenario 1.38 39References 40Part II Specialized Areas: Theory and Problems 452 Medical Health Physics 472.1 Historical Perspective 472.2 Medical Accelerator Physics 482.3 Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine 512.3.1 X-rays 512.3.2 Nuclear Medicine 522.3.3 Computed Tomography 522.3.4 Tracer Studies and Radioisotope Administration 532.4 Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine 532.4.1 Radionuclide Administration 532.4.2 External Beam Therapy 552.4.3 Brachytherapy 572.5 Facility Design 582.6 Shielding Design 592.7 X-ray Shielding 602.8 Ncrp-49 612.8.1 Primary Barrier 612.8.2 Secondary Barrier 622.8.3 Leakage Radiation 632.9 Ncrp-147 642.9.1 Unshielded Air Kerma 642.9.2 Shielding Calculations 652.10 NCRP-151 662.10.1 Primary Barrier 672.10.2 Secondary Barriers 682.10.3 Scattering 682.10.4 Leakage 682.11 Management of Radionuclide Therapy Patients 692.12 Ventilation Considerations 702.13 Scenarios 71Scenario 2.1 71Scenario 2.2 72Scenario 2.3 73Scenario 2.4 75Scenario 2.5 76Scenario 2.6 76Scenario 2.7 77Scenario 2.8 78Scenario 2.9 79Scenario 2.10 82References 823 University Health Physics 873.1 Research Utilizing Radionuclides 873.1.1 H-3 883.1.2 C-14 883.1.3 P-32 883.1.4 Co-60 893.1.5 I-125/I-131 893.1.6 Cf-252 903.2 Engineering Considerations 903.2.1 Engineering Controls 903.3 Sample Counting 913.4 Intake of Radionuclides 923.5 Other Research Activities 933.6 Agricultural/Environmental Research 933.7 Research Reactors 943.7.1 Operational Characteristics 943.7.2 Reactor Systems and Associated Radionuclide Production 963.7.3 Reactor Effluents 963.7.4 Gaseous Effluents 963.7.5 Liquid Effluents 973.8 Particle Accelerators 973.9 Materials Research Via X-ray Diffraction Techniques 973.10 Fusion Energy Research 983.11 Overview of an Initial Fusion Power Facility 1003.11.1 General Radiological Characteristics 1013.11.2 ALARA-Confinement Methods and Fusion Process Types 1023.12 Scenarios 103Scenario 3.1 103Scenario 3.2 105Scenario 3.3 106Scenario 3.4 108Scenario 3.5 110Scenario 3.6 111Scenario 3.7 112Scenario 3.8 113Scenario 3.9 113Scenario 3.10 114Scenario 3.11 115References 1164 Fuel Cycle Health Physics 1194.1 Radiation in Fuel Cycle Facilities 1194.1.1 Occupational Exposure 1204.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle 1214.3 Uranium Fuel Cycle 1214.3.1 Open and Closed Fuel Cycles 1234.3.2 Uranium Ore and Chemical Processing 1244.3.3 Enrichment 1254.3.4 Gaseous Diffusion 1254.3.5 Gas Centrifuge 1274.3.6 Laser Isotope Separation 1284.3.6.1 MLIS 1304.3.6.2 AVLIS 1304.3.7 Spent Power Reactor Fuel 1314.4 Thorium Fuel Cycle 1314.5 Radioactive Waste 1324.5.1 High-Level Wastes 1334.6 Criticality 1334.6.1 Tokaimura Criticality 1344.6.2 Critical Mass 1354.6.3 Geometry or Shape 1364.6.4 Enrichment of the Fissile Isotope 1364.6.5 Moderation and Reflection 1364.6.6 Neutron Absorbers or Poison Material 1374.6.7 Consequences of a Criticality Event 1384.7 Dispersion of Radioactive Gas from a Continuous Source 1384.8 Dispersion of Radioactive Particulates from a Continuous Source 1404.9 Fuel Cycle Facilities 1404.10 Detection of Fuel Cycle Facility Activity 1424.11 Scenarios 143Scenario 4.1 143Scenario 4.2 144Scenario 4.3 147Scenario 4.4 149Scenario 4.5 150Scenario 4.6 151Scenario 4.7 151Scenario 4.8 153Scenario 4.9 154References 1555 Power Reactor Health Physics 1575.1 Overview 1575.2 Generation I, II, III, and IV Reactors 1585.3 Health Physics Hazards 1605.3.1 Buildup of Filter or Demineralizer Activity 1615.3.2 Activation of Reactor Components 1625.3.3 Cladding Failures 1635.3.4 Reactor Coolant System Leakage 1645.3.5 Hot-Particle Skin Dose 1655.4 NCRP-130 Hot Particle Recommendations 1695.5 Health Physics Program Elements 1705.5.1 ALARA 1705.5.2 Effluents 1715.5.3 Radioactive Waste 1725.5.4 Decontamination 1725.6 Outages 1765.7 Major Radiation Instrumentation Systems 1765.7.1 Primary System Monitors 1765.7.2 Secondary System Monitors 1775.8 Radiological Considerations During Reactor Accidents 1785.9 Mitigation of Accident Consequences 1805.10 Scenarios 181Scenario 5.1 181Scenario 5.2 183Scenario 5.3 185Scenario 5.4 188Scenario 5.5 190Scenario 5.6 192Scenario 5.7 194Scenario 5.8 195Scenario 5.9 196References 1976 Environmental Health Physics 2016.1 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material 2016.2 Radon 2036.2.1 Buildup of Radon from Inleakage 2066.2.2 Evolution of Radon from the Household Water Supply 2066.2.3 Radon Risk Assessments 2076.3 Environmental Monitoring Programs 2076.4 Environmental Releases 2086.5 Accumulation of Activity in Ponds and Surfaces 2086.6 Pathways Associated with Open and Closed Fuel Cycles 2106.6.1 High-Level Waste 2106.6.2 Open Fuel Cycles 2106.6.3 Closed Fuel Cycles 2116.7 Regulatory Guidance for Effluent Pathways 2116.8 Doses from Liquid Effluent Pathways 2126.8.1 Potable Water 2126.8.2 Aquatic Foods 2136.8.3 Shoreline Deposits 2146.8.4 Irrigated Foods 2146.8.4.1 Irrigated Foods (Tritium) 2146.8.4.2 Irrigated Foods (Radionuclides Other than Tritium) 2156.9 Doses from Gaseous Effluent Pathways 2166.9.1 Annual Gamma Air Dose from Noble Gas Releases from Free- Standing Stacks Higher than 80 Meters 2166.9.2 Annual Air Dose from All Noble Gas Releases 2176.9.2.1 Annual Gamma Air Dose from All Noble Gas Releases 2176.9.2.2 Annual Beta Air Dose from All Noble Gas Releases 2176.9.2.3 Annual Total Body Dose Equivalent from Noble Gas Releases from Free-Standing Stacks More than 80 Meters High 2186.9.2.4 Annual Skin Dose from Noble Gas Releases from Free-Standing Stacks Higher than 80 Meters 2186.10 Annual Doses from All Other Noble Gas Releases 2196.10.1 Annual Total Body Dose Equivalent from All Other Noble Gas Releases 2196.10.2 Annual Skin Dose from All Other Noble Gas Releases 2196.11 Doses from Radioiodines and Other Radionuclides Released to the Atmosphere 2206.11.1 Annual Organ Dose from External Irradiation from Radionuclides Deposited Onto the Ground Surface 2206.11.2 Annual Organ Dose from Inhalation of Radionuclides in Air 2206.11.3 Annual Organ Dose from Ingestion of Atmospherically Released Radionuclides in Food 2216.12 Pathway Selection 2226.13 Model Parameters 2226.14 Intentional Dispersal of Radioactive Materials 2226.15 Protection of the Environment 2256.16 Scenarios 226Scenario 6.1 226Scenario 6.2 227Scenario 6.3 228Scenario 6.4 229Scenario 6.5 230Scenario 6.6 230Scenario 6.7 231Scenario 6.8 232Scenario 6.9 233References 2347 Accelerator Health Physics 2377.1 High-Energy Interactions 2377.2 Radiation Types 2397.3 Proton Accelerators 2397.4 Electron Accelerators 2407.4.1 Bremsstrahlung 2407.4.2 Synchrotron Radiation 2427.4.3 Electromagnetic Cascade 2437.5 Light Sources 2437.6 Heavy-Ion Accelerators 2447.7 Large Hadron Collider 2457.7.1 Antiprotons 2457.7.2 Proton Reactions 2457.7.3 Neutrons 2467.7.4 Muons 2467.7.5 Hadronic (Nuclear) Cascade 2467.8 Muon Colliders 2487.8.1 Bounding Neutrino Effective Dose – Linear Muon Collider 2487.8.2 Bounding Neutrino Effective Dose – Circular Muon Collider 2497.8.3 ALARA Impacts of Muon Colliders 2507.9 Radiation Types of Concern 2507.9.1 Residual Radioactivity 2517.9.2 Activation of Water 2517.9.3 Activation of the Soil 2527.9.4 Activation of Air 2527.9.5 Buildup of Radioactive and Toxic Gases in an Irradiation Cell 2537.9.6 Other Radiation Sources 2537.10 Shielding 2557.11 Accelerator Beam Containment 2577.12 Dose Equivalent Rate from the Accelerator Target 2587.13 Beam Current 2587.14 Pulsed Radiation Fields 2597.15 Scenarios 259Scenario 7.1 259Scenario 7.2 261Scenario 7.3 263Scenario 7.4 264Scenario 7.5 265Scenario 7.6 266Scenario 7.7 266Scenario 7.8 267Scenario 7.9 269References 2718 Nonionizing Radiation Health Physics 2738.1 Sources of Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation 2738.2 Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves 2748.3 Antennas 2758.3.1 Stationary Antennas 2758.3.2 Rotating Antennas 2778.4 Attenuation by Biological Systems 2788.5 Biological Effects 2798.6 Protection Standards 2798.7 Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields 2808.8 Laser Radiation 2818.8.1 Radiometric and Photometric Terms and Units 2818.8.2 Properties of the Laser 2828.9 Biological Effects from Laser Radiation 2828.9.1 Eye 2838.9.2 Skin 2848.10 Laser Standards 2848.10.1 Intrabeam Exposures 2858.10.2 Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance 2868.10.3 Diffuse Reflections 2868.10.4 Nominal Hazard Zone 2878.10.5 Skin Exposures 2878.11 Free Electron Lasers 2888.12 Federal Regulations and Laser Standards 2898.12.1 Laser Classes 2898.12.2 Laser Safety Calculations 2918.12.2.1 Limiting Aperture 2928.12.2.2 Exposure Time/Maximum Permissible Exposure 2928.13 Controlling Laser Radiation 2938.14 Personnel Protective Equipment 2948.15 Spectral Effectiveness of Ultraviolet Radiation 2948.16 Scenarios 295Scenario 8.1 295Scenario 8.2 296Scenario 8.3 297Scenario 8.4 298Scenario 8.5 300Scenario 8.6 302Scenario 8.7 302Scenario 8.8 303Scenario 8.9 304References 306Part III Answers and Solutions 309Solutions for Chapter 1 311Scenario 1.1 311Scenario 1.2 312Scenario 1.3 313Scenario 1.4 313Scenario 1.5 314Scenario 1.6 316Scenario 1.7 317Scenario 1.8 318Scenario 1.9 319Scenario 1.10 321Scenario 1.11 322Scenario 1.12 325Scenario 1.13 326Scenario 1.14 327Scenario 1.15 328Scenario 1.16 329Scenario 1.17 329Scenario 1.18 331Scenario 1.19 334Scenario 1.20 336Scenario 1.21 338Scenario 1.22 339Scenario 1.23 341Scenario 1.24 343Scenario 1.25 344Scenario 1.26 345Scenario 1.27 348Scenario 1.28 352Scenario 1.29 355Scenario 1.30 356Scenario 1.31 357Scenario 1.32 358Scenario 1.33 359Scenario 1.34 360Scenario 1.35 364Scenario 1.36 366Scenario 1.37 369Scenario 1.38 372Solutions for Chapter 2 375Scenario 2.1 375Scenario 2.2 378Scenario 2.3 381Scenario 2.4 384Scenario 2.5 386Scenario 2.6 388Scenario 2.7 389Scenario 2.8 391Scenario 2.9 395Scenario 2.10 398Solutions for Chapter 3 403Scenario 3.1 403Scenario 3.2 406Scenario 3.3 408Scenario 3.4 410Scenario 3.5 412Scenario 3.6 413Scenario 3.7 417Scenario 3.8 419Scenario 3.9 421Scenario 3.10 423Scenario 3.11 425Solutions for Chapter 4 433Scenario 4.1 433Scenario 4.2 435Scenario 4.3 438Question 4.12 439Scenario 4.4 440Scenario 4.5 442Scenario 4.6 444Scenario 4.7 445Scenario 4.8 449Scenario 4.9 452Solutions for Chapter 5 455Scenario 5.1 455Scenario 5.2 457Scenario 5.3 459Scenario 5.4 460Scenario 5.5 462Scenario 5.6 466Scenario 5.7 468Scenario 5.8 470Scenario 5.9 472Solutions for Chapter 6 475Scenario 6.1 475Scenario 6.2 477Scenario 6.3 480Scenario 6.4 483Scenario 6.5 485Scenario 6.6 486Scenario 6.7 488Scenario 6.8 489Scenario 6.9 491Solutions for Chapter 7 499Scenario 7.1 499Scenario 7.2 501Scenario 7.3 503Scenario 7.5 504Scenario 7.6 506Scenario 7.7 507Scenario 7.8 510Scenario 7.9 514Solutions for Chapter 8 521Scenario 8.1 521Scenario 8.2 526Scenario 8.3 530Scenario 8.4 533Scenario 8.5 537Scenario 8.6 545Scenario 8.7 547Scenario 8.8 549Scenario 8.9 554Part IV Appendices 559Appendix I Serial Decay Relationships 561References 563Appendix II Basic Source Geometries and Attenuation Relationships 565References 571Appendix III Neutron-Induced Gamma Radiation Sources 573References 576Appendix IV Selected Topics in Internal Dosimetry 577References 624Appendix V Radiation Risk and Risk Models 627References 638Appendix VI Key Health Physics Relationships 639References 652Appendix VII Production Equations in Health Physics 653References 659Appendix VIII Mathematical Review 661References 671Appendix IX Selected Data on Radionuclides of Health Physics Interest 673References 678Subject Index 679