Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Related Technologies

Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China. John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada. His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40 technical presentations.

• Introduction The Three Sisters - CCS, AGI, and EOR xixYing Wu, John J. Carroll and Zhimin DuSection 1: Data and Correlation1. Prediction of Acid Gas Dew Points in the Presence of Water and Volatile Organic Compounds 3Ray. A. Tomcej1.1 Introduction 31.2 Previous Studies 41.3 Thermodynamic Model 51.4 Calculation Results 61.5 Discussion 102. Phase Behavior of China Reservoir Oil at Different C02 Injected Concentrations 13Fengguang Li, Xin Yang, Changyu Sun, and Guangjin Chen2.1 Introduction 142.2 Preparation of Reservoir Fluid 142.3 PVT Phase Behavior for the C02 Injected Crude Oil 152.4 Viscosity of the C02 Injected Crude Oil 172.5 Interfacial Tension for C02 Injected Crude Oil/Strata Water 192.6 Conclusions 203. Viscosity and Density Measurements for Sour Gas Fluids at High Temperatures and Pressures 23B.R. Giri, P. Biais and R.A. Marriott3.1 Introduction 243.2 Experimental 253.3 Results 313.4 Conclusions 374. Acid Gas Viscosity Modeling with the Expanded Fluid Viscosity Correlation 41H. Motahhari, M.A. Satyro, H.W. Yarranton4.1 Introduction 414.2 Expanded Fluid Viscosity Correlation 424.3 Results and Discussion 474.4 Conclusions 524.5 Acknowledgements 525. Evaluation and Improvement of Sour Property Packages in Unisim Design 55Jianyong Yang, Ensheng Zhao, Laurie Wang, and Sanjoy Saha5.1 Introduction 555.2 Model Description 565.3 Phase Equilibrium Calculation 585.4 Conclusions 625.5 Future Work 626. Compressibility Factor of High C02-Content Natural Gases: Measurement and Correlation 65Xiaoqiang Bian, Zhimin Du, Yong Tang, and Jianfen Du6.1 Introduction 656.2 Experiment 676.3 Methods 686.5 Comparison of the Proposed Method and Other Methods 786.6 Conclusions 836.7 Acknowledgements 846.8 Nomenclature 84Section 2: Process Engineering7. Analysis of Acid Gas Injection Variables 89Edward Wiehert and James van der Lee7.1 Introduction 897.2 Discussion 907.3 Program Design 937.4 Results 947.5 Discussion of Results 967.6 Conclusion 1058. Glycol Dehydration as a Mass Transfer Rate Process 107Nathan A. Hatcher, Jaime L. Nava and Ralph H. Weiland8.1 Phase Equilibrium 1088.2 Process Simulation 1108.3 Dehydration Column Performance 1118.4 Stahl Columns and Stripping Gas 1148.5 Interesting Observations from a Mass Transfer Rate Model 1158.6 Factors That Affect Dehydration of Sweet Gases 1188.7 Dehydration of Acid Gases 1198.8 Conclusions 1199. Carbon Capture Using Amine-Based Technology 121Ben Spooner and David Engel9.1 Amine Applications 1219.2 Amine Technology 1229.3 Reaction Chemistry 1249.4 Types of Amine 1269.5 Challenges of Carbon Capture 1289.6 Conclusion 13110. Dehydration-through-Compression (DTC): Is It Adequate? A Tale of Three Gases 133Wes H. Wright10.1 Background 13310.2 Water Saturation 13810.3 Is It Adequate? 13810.4 The Gases 14110.5 Results 14710.6 Discussion 15111. Diaphragm Pumps Improve Efficiency of Compressing Acid Gas and C02 155Josef Jarosch, Anke-Dorothee Braun11.1 Diaphragm Pumps 16211.2 Acid Gas Compression 16411.3 C02 Compression for Sequestration 16711.4 Conclusion 171Section 3: Reservoir Engineering12. Acid Gas Injection in the Permian and San Juan Basins: Recent Case Studies from New Mexico 175David T. Lescinsky; Alberto A. Gutierrez, RG; James C. Hunter, RG; Julie W. Gutierrez; and Russell E. Bentley12.1 Background 17512.2 AGI Project Planning and Implementation 17812.3 AGI Projects in New Mexico 19012.4 AGI and the Potential for Carbon Credits 20412.5 Conclusions 20713. C02 and Acid Gas Storage in Geological Formations as Gas Hydrate 209Farhad Qanbari, Olga Ye Zatsepina, S. Hamed Tabatabaie, Mehran Pooladi-Darvish13.1 Introduction 21013.2 Geological Settings 21113.3 Model Parameters 21613.4 Results 21813.5 Discussion 22113.6 Conclusions 22313.7 Acknowledgment 22414. Complex Flow Mathematical Model of Gas Pool with Sulfur Deposition 227W. Zhu, Y. Long, Q. Liu, Y. Ju, and X. Huang14.1 Introduction 22714.2 The Mathematical Model of Multiphase Complex Flow 22814.3 Mathematical Models of Flow Mechanisms 23214.4 Solution of the Mathematical Model Equations 23814.5 Example 24014.6 Conclusions 24214.7 Acknowledgement 242Section 4: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)15. Enhanced Oil Recovery Project: Dunvegan C Pool 247Darryl Burns15.1 Introduction 24815.2 Pool Data Collection 24915.3 Pool Event Log 25215.4 Reservoir Fluid Characterization 25515.5 Material Balance 26315.6 Geological Model 26415.7 Geological Uncertainty 26915.8 History Match 27215.9 Black Oil to Compositional Model Conversion 28215.10 Recovery Alternatives 29015.11 Economics 30715.12 Economic Uncertainty 31215.13 Discussion and Learning 31215.14 End Note 31716. C02 Flooding as an EOR Method for Low Permeability Reservoirs 319Yongle Hu, Yunpeng Hu, Qin Li, Lei Huang, Mingqiang Hao, and Siyu Yang16.1 Introduction 31916.2 Field Experiment of C02 Flooding in China 32016.3 Mechanism of C02 Flooding Displacement 32116.4 Perspective 32416.5 Conclusion 32617. Pilot Test Research on C02 Drive in Very Low Permeability Oil Field of in Daqing Changyuan 329Weiyao Zhu, Jiecheng Cheng, Xiaohe Huang, Yunqian Long, and Y. Lou17.1 Introduction 32917.2 Laboratory Test Study on C02 Flooding in Oil Reservoirs with Very Low Permeability 33017.3 Field Testing Research 33317.4 Conclusion 34617.5 Acknowledgement 34918. Operation Control of C02-Driving in Field Site. Site Test in Wellblock Shu 101, Yushulin Oil Field, Daqing 351Xinde Wan, Tao Sun, Yingzhi Zhang, Tiejun Yang, and Changhe Mu18.1 Test Area Description 35218.2 Test Effect and Cognition 35318.3 Conclusions 35919. Application of Heteropolysaccharide in Acid Gas Injection 361Jie Zhang, Gang Guo and Shugang Li19.1 Introduction 36119.2 Application of Heteropolysaccharide in C02 Reinjection Miscible Phase Recovery 36319.3 Application of Heteropolysaccharide in H2S Reinjection formation 37019.4 Conclusions 373Section 5: Geology and Geochemistry20. Impact of S02 and NO on Carbonated Rocks Submitted to a Geological Storage of C02: An Experimental Study 377Stéphane Renard, Jérôme Sterpenich, Jacques Pironon, Aurélien Randi, Pierre Chiquet and Marc Lescanne20.1 Introduction 37720.2 Apparatus and Methods 37820.3 Results and Discussion 38120.4 Conclusion 39121. Geochemical Modeling of Huff 'N' Puff Oil Recovery With C02 at the Northwest Mcgregor Oil Field 393Yevhen I. Holubnyak, Blaise A.F. Mibeck, Jordan M. Bremer, Steven A. Smith, James A. Sorensen, Charles D. Gorecki, Edward N. Steadman, and John A. Harju21.1 Introduction 39321.2 Northwest McGregor Location and Geological Setting 39521.3 The Northwest McGregor Field, E. Goetz #1 Well Operational History 39521.4 Reservoir Mineralogy 39721.5 Preinjection and Postinjection Reservoir Fluid Analysis 39821.6 Major Observations and the Analysis of the Reservoir Fluid Sampling 40021.7 Laboratory Experimentations 40121.8 2-D Reservoir Geochemical Modeling with GEM 40221.9 Summary and Conclusions 40321.10 Acknowledgments 40421.11 Disclaimer 40422. Comparison of C02 and Acid Gas Interactions with reservoir fluid and Rocks at Williston Basin Conditions 407Yevhen I. Holubnyak, Steven B. Hawthorne, Blaise A. Mibeck, David J. Miller, Jordan M. Bremer, Steven A. Smith, James A. Sorensen, Edward N. Steadman, and John A. Harju22.1 Introduction 40722.2 Rock Unit Selection 40922.3 C02 Chamber Experiments 41122.4 Mineralogical Analysis 41222.5 Numerical Modeling 41322.6 Results 41322.7 Carbonate Minerals Dissolution 41422.8 Mobilization of Fe 41622.9 Summary and Suggestions for Future Developments 41822.10 Acknowledgments 41822.11 Disclaimer 418Section 6: Well Technology23 Well Cement Aging in Various H2S-C02 Flui( is at High Pressure and High Temperature: Experiments and Modelling 423Nicolas Jacquemet, Jacques Pironon, Vincent Lagneau, Jérémie Saint-Marc23.1 Introduction 42423.2 Experimental equipment 42523.3 Materials, Experimental Conditions and Analysis 42623.4 Results and Discussion 42823.5 Reactive Transport Modelling 43023.6 Conclusion 43224. Casing Selection and Correlation Technology for Ultra-Deep, Ultra- High Pressure, High H2S Gas Wells 437Yongxing Sun, Yuanhua Lin, Taihe Shi, Zhongsheng Wang, Dajiang Zhu, Liping Chen, Sujun Liu, and Dezhi Zeng24.1 Introduction 43824.2 Material Selection Recommended Practice 43824.3 Casing Selection and Correlation Technology 44124.4 Field Applications 44324.4 Conclusions 44524.5 Acknowledgments 44725. Coupled Mathematical Model of Gas Migration in Cemented Annulus with Mud Column in Acid Gas Well 449Hongjun Zhu, Yuanhua Lin, Yongxing Sun, Dezhi Zeng, Zhi Zhang, and Taihe Shi25.1 Introduction 44925.2 Coupled Mathematical Model 45025.3 Illustration 45825.4 Conclusions 45925.5 Nomenclature 46025.6 Acknowledgment 461Section 7: Corrosion26. Study on Corrosion Resistance of L245/825 Lined Steel Pipe Welding Gap in H2S+C02 Environment 465Dezhi Zeng, Yuanhua Lin, Liming Huang, Daijiang Zhu, Tan Gu, Taihe Shi, and Yongxing Sun26.1 Introduction 46626.2 Welding Process of Lined Steel Pipe 46626.3 Corrosion Test Method of Straight and Ring Welding Gaps of L245/825 Lined Steel Pipe 46726.4 Corrosion Test Results of Straight and Ring Welding Gaps of 1245/825 Lined Steel Pipe 47226.5 Conclusions 47726.6 Acknowledgments 477References 477Index 479

"Each separately readable chapter is structured in introduction, experimentals, results and discussion. This allows a structured understanding.  Although this book does not solve all the questions raised when talking about safety and reliability of CCS-technology, it provides a base of knowledge. Increased research on this questions contributes to a tremendous extension of current knowledge, basing on this publication."  (Materials & Corrosion, 1 November 2012)