Acid Gas Extraction for Disposal and Related Topics

Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China.John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada.  His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40 technical presentations.Weiyao Zhu is Professor at University of Science & Technology Beijing in China and Adjunct Professor in State Key Lab of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery at the Northeast Petroleum University. He has published more than 100 technical papers and an author of 6 technical books. His research focus is on fluid mechanics in porous media, the theory and application of the multiphase flow for resource exploitation, new energy development, environmental fluid mechanics, and reservoir simulation.

• Preface xv1 Rate-Base Simulations of Absorption Processes; Fata Morgana or Panacea? 1P.J.G. Huttenhuis and G.F. Versteeg1.1 Introduction 11.2 Procede Process Simulator (PPS) 21.3 Mass Transfer Fundamentals 31.4 CO2 Capture Case 81.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 15References 162 Modelling in Acid Gas Removal Processes 17Alan E. Mather2.1 Introduction 172.2 Vapour-Liquid Equilibria 182.3 Modelling 212.3.1 Empirical Models 222.3.2 Activity Coefficient Models 222.3.3 Two (and more) Solvent Models 232.3.4 Single Solvent Models 242.3.5 Equation of State Models 242.4 Conclusions 25References 263 Thermodynamic Approach of CO2 Capture, Combination of Experimental Study and Modeling 29Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam3.1 Introduction 303.2 Thermodynamic Model 313.3 Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Aqueous Solutions of Alkanolamines 323.4 Conclusion 35References 364 Employing Simulation Software for Optimized Carbon Capture Process 39Wafa Said-Ibrahim, Irina Rumyantseva, and Manya Garg4.1 Introduction 404.2 Acid Gas Cleaning – Process and Business Goals 404.3 Modeling Gas Treating in Aspen HYSYSR 424.3.1 Inbuilt Thermodynamics 434.3.2 Rate-Based Distillation in Aspen HYSYS 444.4 Conclusion 45References 465 Expectations from Simulation 47R. Scott Alvis, Nathan A. Hatcher, and Ralph H. Weiland5.1 Introduction 485.2 Realism 485.2.1 Conclusion 1 495.2.2 Conclusion 2 505.2.3 Conclusion 3 505.2.4 Conclusion 4 515.3 Reliability of Simulation Data: What’s Data and What’s Not 525.3.1 Conclusion 5 545.3.2 Conclusion 6 545.3.3 Conclusion 7 555.3.4 Conclusion 8 555.4 Case Studies 565.4.1 Hellenic Petroleum Refinery Revamp 565.4.2 Treating a Refinery Fuel Gas 585.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal in an LNG Unit 605.4.4 Tail Gas Treating 655.5 Concluding Remarks 67References 676 Calorimetry in Aqueous Solutions of Demixing Amines for Processes in CO2 Capture 69Karine Ballerat-Busserolles, Alexander R. Lowe, Yohann Coulier, and J.-Y. Coxam6.1 Introduction 706.2 Chemicals 726.3 Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium 736.4 Mixing Enthalpies of {Water-Amine} and {Water-Amine-CO2} 756.4.1 Excess Enthalpies 776.4.2 Enthalpies of Solution 786.5 Acknowledgements 79References 797 Speciation in Liquid-Liquid Phase-Separating Solutions of Aqueous Amines for Carbon Capture Applications by Raman Spectroscopy 81O. Fandiño, M. Yacyshyn, J.S. Cox, and P.R. Tremaine7.1 Introduction 817.2 Experimental 847.2.1 Materials 847.2.2 Sample Preparation 847.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Measurements 857.2.4 Methodology Validation 867.2.5 Laser Selection Optimization 867.3 Results and Discussion 877.3.1 Ammonium Carbamate System 877.3.2 Methylpiperidine Band Identification 887.3.3 (N-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 897.3.4 (2-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 907.3.5 (4-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System 917.4 Conclusions 917.5 Acknowledgements 92References 938 A Simple Model for the Calculation of Electrolyte Mixture Viscosities 95Marco A. Satyro and Harvey W. Yarranton8.1 Introduction 958.2 The Expanded Fluid Viscosity Model 988.3 Results and Discussion 998.3.1 EF Model for Salts Neglecting Dissociation 1008.3.2 EF Model for Ionic Species 1028.4 Conclusions 104References 1049 Phase Equilibria Investigations of Acid Gas Hydrates: Experiments and Modelling 107Zachary T. Ward, Robert A. Marriott, and Carolyn A. Koh9.1 Introduction 1079.2 Experimental Methods 1089.3 Results and Discussion 1109.4 Conclusions 1129.5 Acknowledgements 112References 11210 Thermophysical Properties, Hydrate and Phase Behaviour Modelling in Acid Gas-Rich Systems 115Antonin Chapoy, Rod Burgass, Bahman Tohidi, Martha Hajiw, and Christophe Coquelet10.1 Introduction 11610.2 Experimental Setups and Procedures 11710.2.1 Saturation and Dew Pressure Measurements and Procedures 11710.2.2 Hydrate Dissociation Measurements and Procedures 11910.2.3 Water Content Measurements and Procedures 12010.2.4 Viscosity and Density Measurements and Procedures 12010.2.5 Frost Point Measurements and Procedures 12010.2.6 Materials 12110.3 Thermodynamic and Viscosity Modelling 12210.3.1 Fluid and Hydrate Phase Equilibria Model 12210.4 Results and Discussions 12810.5 Conclusions 13610.6 Acknowledgements 136References 13611 “Self-Preservation” of Methane Hydrate in Pure Water and (Water + Diesel Oil + Surfactant) Dispersed Systems 141Xinyang Zeng, Changyu Sun, Guangjin Chen, Fenghe Zhou, and Qidong Ran11.1 Introduction 14211.2 Experiments 14211.2.1 Material 14211.2.2 Apparatus 14311.2.3 Experimental Procedure 14611.3 Results and Discussion 14611.3.1 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in Low Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 14611.3.2 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in High Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 14811.3.3 The Effect of Different Surfactants on Self-Preservation Effect in Different Water Cut Oil-Water Systems 14911.4 Conclusions 15111.5 Acknowledgement 151References 15112 The Development of Integrated Multiphase Flash Systems 153Carl Landra, Yau-Kun Li, and Marco A. Satyro12.1 Introduction 15412.2 Algorithmic Challenges 15512.3 Physical-Chemical Challenges 15612.4 Why Solids? 15612.5 Equation of State Modifications 15712.6 Complex Liquid-Liquid Phase Behaviour 16012.7 Hydrate Calculations 16212.7 Conclusions and Future Work 165References 16713 Reliable PVT Calculations – Can Cubics Do It? 169Herbert Loria, Glen Hay, Carl Landra, and Marco A. Satyro13.1 Introduction 16913.2 Two Parameter Equations of State 17113.3 Two Parameter Cubic Equations of State Using Volume Translation 17213.4 Three Parameter Cubic Equations of State 17513.5 Four Parameter Cubic Equations of State 17713.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 177References 18014 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Predictions of Carbon Dioxide + Hydrogen Sulfide Mixtures using the CPA, SRK, PR, SAFT, and PC-SAFT Equations of State 183M. Naveed Khan, Pramod Warrier, Cor J. Peters, and Carolyn A. Koh14.1 Introduction 18414.2 Results and Discussion 18514.3 Conclusions 18814.4 Acknowledgements 188References 18815 Capacity Control Considerations for Acid Gas Injection Systems 191James Maddocks15.1 Introduction 19115.2 Requirement for Capacity Control 19215.3 Acid Gas Injection Systems 19615.4 Compressor Design Considerations 19715.5 Capacity Control in Reciprocating AGI Compressors 19915.6 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/PD Pump Combinations 21315.7 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/Centrifugal Pump Combinations 21515.8 Capacity Control When Using Screw Compressors 21515.9 Capacity Control When Using Centrifugal Compression 21815.10 System Stability 21915.11 Summary 220Reference 22016 Review and Testing of Radial Simulations of Plume Expansion and Confirmation of Acid Gas Containment Associated with Acid Gas Injection in an Underpressured Clastic Carbonate Reservoir 221Alberto A. Gutierrez and James C. Hunter16.1 Introduction 22216.2 Site Subsurface Geology 22316.2.1 General Stratigraphy and Structure 22416.2.2 Geology Observed in AGI #1 and AGI #2 22716.3 Well Designs, Drilling and Completions 22716.3.1 AGI #1 22816.3.2 AGI #2 23116.4 Reservoir Testing and Modeling 23216.4.1 AGI #1 23316.4.2 Linam AGI #2 23316.4.3 Comparison of Reservoir between Wells 23416.4.4 Initial Radial Model and Plume Prediction 23416.4.5 Confirmation of Plume Migration Model andIntegrity of Caprock 23616.5 Injection History and AGI #1 Responses 23616.6 Discussion and Conclusions 238References 24117 Three-Dimensional Reservoir Simulation of Acid Gas Injection in Complex Geology – Process and Practice 243Liaqat Ali and Russell E. Bentley17.1 Introduction 24417.2 Step by Step Approach to a Reservoir Simulation Study for Acid Gas Injection 24517.3 Seismic Data and Interpretation 24517.4 Geological Studies 24617.5 Petrophysical Studies 24617.6 Reservoir Engineering Analysis 24717.7 Static Modeling 24717.8 Reservoir Simulation 24817.9 Case History 24917.10 Injection Interval Structure and Modeling 24917.11 Petrophysical Modeling and Development of Static Model 25017.12 Injection Zone Characterization 25117.13 Reservoir Simulation 25317.14 Summary and Conclusions 256References 25718 Production Forecasting of Fractured Wells in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Discontinuous Micro-Fractures 259Qi Qian, Weiyao Zhu, and Jia Deng18.1 Introduction 26018.2 Multi-Scale Flow in Shale Gas Reservoir 26118.2.1 Multi-scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model of Shale Gas Reservoir 26118.2.2 Adsorption – Desorption Model of Shale Gas Reservoir 26318.3 Physical Model and Solution of Fractured Well of Shale Gas Reservoir 26418.3.1 The Dual Porosity Spherical Model with Micro-Fractures Surface Layer 26418.3.2 The Establishment and Solvement of Seepage Mathematical Model 26618.4 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Sensitive Parameters 27318.5 Conclusions 27718.6 Acknowledgements 278References 27819 Study on the Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Theory of Shale Gas Reservoir 281Weiyao Zhu, Jia Deng, and Qi Qian19.1 Introduction 28219.2 Multi-Scale Flowstate Analyses of the Shale Gas Reservoirs 28319.3 Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Shale Gas Reservoir 28519.3.1 Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Nano-Micro Pores 28519.3.2 Multi-Scale Seepage Model Considering of Diffusion, Slippage 28819.3.3 Darcy Flow in Micro Fractures and Fractured Fractures 28919.4 Transient Flow Model of Composite Fracture Network System 29119.5 Production Forecasting 29419.6 Conclusions 29819.7 Acknowledgements 299References 29920 CO2 EOR and Sequestration Technologies in PetroChina 301Yongle Hu, Xuefei Wang, and Mingqiang Hao20.1 Introduction 30220.2 Important Progress in Theory and Technology 30220.2.1 The Miscible Phase Behaviour of Oil-CO2 System 30220.2.2 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Engineering Technology 30420.2.3 Separated Layer CO2 Flooding, Wellbore Anti-Corrosion and High Efficiency Lift Technology 30620.2.4 Long Distance Pipeline Transportation and Injection Technology 30620.2.5 Produced Fluid Treatment for CO2 Flooding and Cycling Gas Injection Technology 30620.2.6 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Monitoring, Performance Analysis Technology 30720.2.7 Potential Evaluation for CO2 Flooding and Storage 30820.3 Progress of Pilot Area 31120.3.1 Block Hei59 31220.3.2 Block Hei79 31320.4 Conclusions 31520.5 Acknowledgements 316References 31721 Study on the Microscopic Residual Oil of CO2 Flooding for Extra-High Water-Cut Reservois 319Zengmin Lun, Rui Wang, Chengyuan Lv, Shuxia Zhao, Dongjiang Lang, and Dong Zhang21.1 Introduction 31921.2 Overview of CO2 EOR Mechanisms for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 32021.3 Experimental Microscopic Residual Oil Distribution of CO2 Flooding for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 32121.3.1 NMR Theory 32121.3.2 In situ NMR Test for Water Flooding and CO2 Flooding 32221.4 Displacement Characteristics of CO2 Flooding and Improve Oil Recovery Method for Post CO2 Flooding 32521.4.1 CO2 Displacement Characteristics for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs 32521.4.2 Improved Oil Recovery for Post CO2 Flooding 32621.5 Conclusions 327References 32822 Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Geological Utilization and Storage in China: A Review 331Qi Li, Ranran Song, Xuehao Liu, Guizhen Liu, and Yankun Sun22.1 Introduction 33222.2 Status of CCUS in China 33222.3 Monitoring of CCUS 33622.3.1 Monitoring Technology at Home and Abroad 33622.3.2 U-tube Sampling System 34122.3.3 Monitoring Technologies in China’s CCUS Projects 34122.4 Monitoring Technology of China’s Typical CCUS Projects 34322.4.1 Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project 34322.4.2 Shengli CO2-EOR Project 34522.5 Environmental Governance and Monitoring Trends in China 34522.6 Conclusion 35122.7 Acknowledgements 352References 35223 Separation of Methane from Biogas by Absorption-Adsorption Hybrid Method 359Yong Pan, Zhe Zhang, Xiong-Shi Tong, Hai Li, Xiao-Hui Wang, Bei Liu,Chang-Yu Sun, Lan-Ying Yang, and Guang-Jin Chen23.1 Introduction 35923.2 Experiments 36123.2.1 Experimental Apparatus 36123.2.2 Materials 36223.2.3 Synthesis and Activation of ZIF-67 36323.2.4 Gas-Slurry Equilibrium Experiments 36323.2.5 Data Processing 36423.2.6 Breakthrough Experiment 36623.3 Results and Discussions 36723.3.1 Adsorbent Characterization 36723.3.2 Ab-Adsorption Isothermal 36823.3.3 Breakthrough Experiment 37023.4 Conclusions 37423.5 Acknowledgements 374References 374Index 377