Biorefinery Production Technologies for Chemicals and Energy

Arindam Kuila is an assistant professor at the Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Previously, he worked as a research associate at Hindustan Petroleum Green R&D Centre, Bangalore, India. He gained his PhD from the Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2013 in the area of lignocellulosic biofuel production. He has co-authored 18 peer-reviewed research papers, 7 review papers, edited 4 books, 8 book chapters and filled 5 patents. Mainak Mukhopadhyay is an assistant professor at the Department of Biotechnology, JIS University, Kolkata. Previously, he worked as a research fellow at ONGC Energy Centre, Delhi, India. He gained his PhD from the Agricultural & Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India in 2014. His PhD research was focused on degradation of lignin present in lignocellulosic biomass for the higher production of second-generation bioethanol. His research interests also consist of enzymology, nanobiotechnology, biomass conversion technology. He was awarded a Petrotech Research Fellowship in 2008. In 2016 he was awarded the Early Career Research Award from DST-SERB. He has co-authored 10 peer-reviewed papers, 3 review papers, 10 book chapters and filled 2 patents.

• Preface xvPart 1: Biorefinery Basic Principles 11 Principles of Sustainable Biorefinery 3Samakshi Verma and Arindam Kuila1.1 Introduction 31.2 Biorefinery 51.3 Conversion Technologies of Biorefineries 61.4 Some Outlooks Toward Biorefinery Technologies 71.5 Principles of Sustainable Biorefineries 91.6 Advantages of Biorefineries 101.7 Classification of Biorefineries 101.8 Conclusion 12References 122 Sustainable Biorefinery Concept for Industrial Bioprocessing 15Mohd Asyraf Kassim, Tan Kean Meng, Noor Aziah Serri, Siti Baidurah Yusoff, Nur Artikah Muhammad Shahrin, Khok Yong Seng, Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar and Lee Chee Keong2.1 Sustainable Industrial Bioprocess 152.2 Biorefinery 162.2.1 Starch Biorefinery 182.2.2 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery 192.3 Microalgal Biorefinery 222.3.1 Upstream Processing 232.3.2 Downstream Processing 242.3.2.1 Lipid-Extracted Microalgae 242.4 Value Added Products 272.4.1 Biofuel 272.4.1.1 Bioethanol 302.4.1.2 Biobutanol 312.4.1.3 Biodiesel 342.4.1.4 Short Alkane 362.4.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 362.4.3 Bioactive Compounds From Food Waste Residues 392.5 Novel Immobilize Carrier From Biowaste 422.5.1 Waste Cassava Tuber Fiber 422.5.2 Corn Silk 432.5.3 Sweet Sorghum Bagasse 432.5.4 Coconut Shell Activated Carbon 442.5.5 Sugar Beet Pulp 442.5.6 Eggshells 452.6 Conclusion 45References 463 Biomass Resources for Biorefinery Application 55Varsha Upadhayay, Ritika Joshi and Arindam Kuila3.1 Introduction 553.2 Concept of Biorefinery 563.3 Biomass Feedstocks 573.3.1 Types of Biomass Feedstocks 573.3.1.1 Biomass of Sugar Industry 573.3.1.2 Biomass Waste 583.3.1.3 Sugar and Starch Biomass 593.3.1.4 Algal Biomass 593.3.1.5 Lignocelluloses Feedstock 593.3.1.6 Oil Crops for Biodiesel 603.4 Processes 603.4.1 Thermo Chemical Processes 623.4.2 Biochemical Processes 633.4.3 Biobased Products and the Biorefinery Concept 643.5 Conclusions 64References 654 Evaluation of the Refinery Efficiency and Indicators for Sustainability and Economic Performance 67Rituparna Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay4.1 Introduction 674.2 Biofuels and Biorefineries: Sustainability Development and Economic Performance 694.3 Future Developments Required for Building a Sustainable Biorefinery System 724.4 Conclusion 72References 735 Biorefinery: A Future Key of Potential Energy 77Anirudha Paul, Sampad Ghosh, Saptarshi Konar and Anirban Ray5.1 Introduction 775.2 Biorefinery: Definitions and Descriptions 785.3 Modus Operandi of Different Biorefineries 795.3.1 Thermochemical Processing 795.3.2 Mechanical Processing 795.3.3 Biochemical Processing 795.3.4 Chemical Processing 795.4 Types of Biorefineries 805.4.1 Lignocellulose Feedstock Biorefinery 805.4.2 Syngas Platform Biorefinery 815.4.3 Marine Biorefinery 815.4.4 Oleochemical Biorefinery 815.4.5 Green Biorefinery 815.4.6 Whole Crop Biorefinery 825.5 Some Biorefinery Industries 825.5.1 European Biorefinery Companies 825.5.2 Biorefinery Companies in USA 825.5.3 Biorefinery Companies in Asia 835.6 Conclusion and Future of Biorefinery 83References 84Part 2: Biorefinery for Production of Chemicals 896 Biorefinery for Innovative Production of Bioactive Compounds from Vegetable Biomass 91Massimo Lucarini, Alessandra Durazzo, Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia, Annalisa Romani, Gianni Sagratini, Noemi Bevilacqua, Francesca Ieri, Pamela Vignolini, Margherita Campo and Francesca Cecchini6.1 Introduction 916.2 Waste From Grape and During Vinification: Bioactive Compounds and Innovative Production 926.2.1 Grape 926.2.2 Polyphenols 926.2.3 Antioxidant Activity and Health Properties of Grape 946.2.4 Winemaking Technologies 966.2.5 Winemaking By-Products 966.2.6 Extraction Technologies 976.3 Waste from Olive and During Oil Production: Bioactive Compounds and Innovative Process 996.3.1 Olive Oil Quality, its Components, and Beneficial Properties 1006.3.2 Olive Oil By-Products 1086.3.3 Olive Oil, Tradition, Biodiversity, Territory, and Sustainability 1136.4 Bioactive Compounds in Legume Residues 1156.4.1 Polyphenols 1166.4.2 Phytosterols and Squalene 1166.4.3 Dietary Fiber and Resistant Starch 1176.4.4 Soyasaponins 1176.4.5 Bioactive Peptides 118References 1207 Prospects of Bacterial Tannase Catalyzed Biotransformation of Agro and Industrial Tannin Waste to High Value Gallic Acid 129Sunny Dhiman and Gunjan Mukherjee7.1 Introduction 1297.2 Bacterial Tannase Producers 1317.3 Bacterial Tannase Production 1317.4 Hydrolyzable Tannins: A Substrate for Gallic Acid Production 1337.5 Tannins as Waste 1337.5.1 Agro-Waste 1337.5.2 Industrial Waste 1347.6 Bacterial Biotransformation of Tannins 1347.7 Applications of Gallic Acid 1367.7.1 Therapeutic Applications 1367.7.2 Industrial Applications 1377.8 Conclusions 138References 1388 Biorefinery Approach for Production of Industrially Important C4, C5, and C6 Chemicals 145Shritoma Sengupta and Aparna Sen8.1 Introduction 1458.2 Role of Biorefinery in Industrially Important Chemical Production 1478.3 Production of C4 Chemicals 1498.4 Production of C5 Chemicals 1528.5 Production of C6 Chemicals 1558.6 Concluding Remarks 157References 1589 Value-Added Products from Guava Waste by Biorefinery Approach 163Pranav D. Pathak, Sachin A. Mandavgane and Bhaskar D. Kulkarni9.1 Introduction 1639.2 Physicochemical Characterization 1649.3 Valorization of GW 1659.3.1 Medicinal Uses 1659.3.1.1 GL, GB, and GF in Medicines 1669.3.1.2 GP in Medicines 1699.3.2 Extraction of Chemicals 1719.3.2.1 Extraction from GL 1719.3.2.2 Extraction from GP 1769.3.2.3 Extraction from GS 1769.3.3 Food Supplements 1779.3.4 Extraction of Pectin 1789.3.5 Animal Feed 1789.3.6 As Insecticide 1799.3.7 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 1809.3.8 In Fermentations 1809.3.9 As a Water Treatment Agent 1819.3.10 Production of Enzymes 1819.4 Sustainability of Value-Added Products From GW 1819.5 Conclusion 189References 18910 Case-Studies Towards Sustainable Production of Value-Added Compounds in Agro-Industrial Wastes 197Massimo Lucarini, Alessandra Durazzo, Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia, Annalisa Romani, Gianni Sagratini, Noemi Bevilacqua, Francesca Ieri, Pamela Vignolini, Margherita Campo and Francesca Cecchini10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Experimental Pilot Plant 19910.2.1 Chestnut 19910.2.2 Soy 20410.2.3 Olive Oil By-Products Case Studies 21310.2.3.1 Olive Oil Wastewater 21310.2.3.2 Olea europaea L. leaves 214References 21611 Biorefining of Lignocellulosics for Production of Industrial Excipients of Varied Functionalities 221UpadrastaLakshmishri Roy, DebabrataBera, Sreemoyee Chakraborty and Ronit Saha11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Structure and Composition 22211.3 Lignocellulosic Residues: A Bioreserve for Fermentable Sugars and Polyphenols 22211.3.1 Biorefining of Lignocellulosic Residues 22311.4 Pre-Treatment of Lignocellulosics 22411.4.1 Physico-Chemical Process 22411.4.1.1 Acid Refining 22411.4.1.2 Alcohol Refining 22511.4.1.3 Alkali Refining 22511.4.2 Thermo-Physical Process 22611.4.2.1 Steam Explosion Process 22611.4.2.2 Supercritical and Subcritical Water Treatment 22611.4.2.3 Hot-Compressed Water Treatment 22711.4.3 Biological Process 22711.4.3.1 Lignin Degrading Enzymes 22711.4.3.2 Cellulose Degrading Enzymes 22911.4.3.3 Hemicellulose Degrading Enzymes 22911.4.4 Phenols as By-Products of Lignocellulosic Pre-Treatment Process 23011.5 Methods of Extraction of Polyphenols From Lignocellulosic Biomass 23111.5.1 Solvent Affiliated Extraction 23111.5.2 Enzyme Affiliated Extraction 23111.5.3 Advanced Technological Methods Adopted for Recovery of Phenolics: (Pulsed-Electric-Field Pre-Treatment) 23211.5.4 Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis 23311.5.5 Multifaceted Applications of Phenolics 23311.6 Conclusion 235References 23512 Bioactive Compounds Production from Vegetable Biomass: A Biorefinery Approach 241Shritoma Sengupta, Debalina Bhattacharya and Mainak Mukhopadhyay12.1 Introduction 24112.2 Production of Bioactive Compounds 24312.3 Bioactive Compounds From Vegetable Biomass 24612.4 Role of Biorefinery in Production of Bioactive Compounds 24812.5 Concluding Remarks 252References 253Part 3: Biorefinery for Production of Alternative Fuel and Energy 25913 Potential Raw Materials and Production Technologies for Biorefineries 261Shilpi Bansal, Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya and Ankit Sonthalia13.1 Introduction 26113.2 Bioresources 26413.2.1 First-Generation Feedstock 26413.2.2 Second-Generation Feedstock 26413.2.3 Third-Generation Feedstock 27013.3 Chemicals Produced from Biomass 27013.3.1 Ethylene 27013.3.2 Propylene 27313.3.3 Propylene Glycol 27313.3.4 Butadiene 27413.3.5 2,3-Butanediol and 2-Butanone Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) 27413.3.6 Acrylic Acid 27413.3.7 Aromatic Compounds 27513.4 Production Technologies 27513.4.1 Pre-Treatment 27513.4.2 Hydrolysis 27613.4.3 Fermentation 27713.4.4 Pyrolysis 27813.4.5 Gasification 27813.4.6 Supercritical Water 27913.4.7 Algae Biomass 28013.5 Conclusion 280References 28114 Sustainable Production of Biofuels Through Synthetic Biology Approach 289Dulam Sandhya, Phanikanth Jogam, Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya, Archana Srivastava and Jyoti Singh Jadaun14.1 Introduction 28914.2 Types of Biofuel 29114.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels (Conventional Biofuels) 29114.2.1.1 Biogas 29114.2.1.2 Biodiesel and Bioethanol 29114.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 29214.2.2.1 Cellulosic Ethanol 29314.2.2.2 Biomethanol 29314.2.2.3 Dimethylformamide 29314.2.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 29314.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels 29314.2.5 Advantages of Biofuels 29414.2.6 Disadvantages of Biofuels 29414.3 Sources of Biofuel 29414.3.1 Bacterial Source 29414.3.2 Algal Source 29614.3.3 Fungal Source 29614.3.4 Plant Source 29714.3.4.1 Plant Materials Utilized for the Production of Biofuels 29814.3.5 Animal Source 29914.4 Possible Routes of Biofuel Production Through Synthetic Biology 29914.4.1 Metabolic Engineering 29914.4.2 Tissue Culture/Genetic Engineering 30014.4.3 CRISPR-Cas 30014.5 Synthetic Biology and Its Application for Biofuels Production 30114.5.1 Case Study 1: Production of Isobutanol by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae 30114.5.2 Case Study 2: Generation of Biofuel From Ionic Liquid Pretreated Plant Biomass Using Engineered E. coli 30214.5.3 Case Study 3: CRISPRi-Mediated Metabolic Pathway Modulation for Isopentenol Production in E. coli 30214.6 Current Status of Biofuel 30214.7 Future Aspects 30314.8 Conclusion 304References 30415 Biorefinery Approach for Bioethanol Production 313Rituparna Saha, Debalina Bhattacharya and Mainak Mukhopadhyay15.1 Introduction 31315.2 Bioethanol 31515.3 Classification of Biorefineries 31515.3.1 Agricultural Biorefinery 31615.3.2 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery 31715.4 Types of Pre-Treatments 31815.4.1 Physical Pre-Treatments 31815.4.2 Chemical Pre-Treatments 31915.4.3 Physico-Chemical Pre-Treatments 32015.4.4 Biological Pre-Treatments 32115.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Biomass 32315.6 Fermentation 32415.7 Future Prospects for the Production of Bioethanol Through Biorefineries 32515.8 Conclusion 326References 32616 Biorefinery Approach for Production of Biofuel From Algal Biomass 335Bhasati Uzir and Amrita Saha16.1 Introduction 33516.2 Algal Biomass: The Third-Generation Biofuel 33616.2.1 Algae as a Raw Material for Biofuels Production 33816.2.2 Algae as Best Feedstock for Biorefinery 33916.3 Microalgal Biomass Cultivation/Production 34016.3.1 Open Pond Production 34116.3.2 Closed Bioreactors/Enclosed PBRs 34116.3.3 Hybrid Systems 34116.4 Strain Selection and Microalgae Genetic Engineering Method Strain Selection Process for Biorefining of Microalgae 34216.5 Harvesting Methods 34316.6 Cellular Disruption 34316.7 Extraction 34416.8 Conclusion 344References 34417 Biogas Production and Uses 347Anirudha Paul, Saptarshi Konar, Sampad Ghosh and Anirban Ray17.1 Introduction 34717.2 Potential Use of Biogas 34817.2.1 Anarobic Digestion 34817.2.2 Biogas from Energy Crops and Straw 34917.2.3 Biogas from Fish Waste 34917.2.4 Biogas from Food Waste 34917.2.5 Biogas from Sewage Sludge 35017.2.6 Biogas from Algae 35017.2.7 Some Biogas Biorefinery 35017.3 Pre-Treatment 35017.3.1 Physical Pre-Treatment 35017.3.2 Physiochemical Pre-Treatment 35117.3.3 Chemical Pre-Treatment 35117.3.4 Biological Pre-Treatment 35117.4 Process and Technology 35117.5 Biogas Purification and Upgradation 35217.5.1 Removal of CO2 35217.5.2 Removal of H2S 35317.5.3 Removal of Water 35317.6 Conclusion 353References 35318 Use of Different Enzymes in Biorefinery Systems 357A.N. Anoopkumar, Sharrel Rebello, Embalil Mathachan Aneesh, Raveendran Sindhu, Parameswaran Binod, Ashok Pandey and Edgard Gnansounou18.1 Introduction 35718.2 Perspectives of the Biorefinery Concept 36018.3 Starch Degradation 36118.4 Biodegradation and Modification of Lignocellulose and Hemicellulose 36118.5 Conversion of Pectins 36318.6 Microbial Fermentation and Biofuel and Biodiesel Aimed Biorefinery 36318.7 Conclusion 365Acknowledgement 365References 365Part 4: Conclusion 36919 Wheat Straw Valorization: Material Balance and Biorefinery Approach 371Sachin A. Mandavgane and Bhaskar D. Kulkarni19.1 Introduction 37119.2 Wax Extraction Process 37219.3 Combustion Process 37319.4 Mass Balance for Combustion 37519.5 Pyrolysis of Wheat Straw 37619.6 Mass Balance of Pyrolysis 37719.7 Separation of Valuable Chemicals From Bio-Oil 37719.8 Production of Biodeisel From Wheat Straw 37819.9 Conclusion 380Acknowledgment 381References 381Index 383