Aircraft Systems

Mechanical, Electrical, and Avionics Subsystems Integration

Inbunden, Engelska, 2008

Av Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge, UK) Moir, Ian (Smiths Industries, UK) Seabridge, Allan (BAE Systems, Roy Langton

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This third edition of Aircraft Systems represents a timely update of the Aerospace Series’ successful and widely acclaimed flagship title. Moir and Seabridge present an in-depth study of the general systems of an aircraft – electronics, hydraulics, pneumatics, emergency systems and flight control to name but a few - that transform an aircraft shell into a living, functioning and communicating flying machine. Advances in systems technology continue to alloy systems and avionics, with aircraft support and flight systems increasingly controlled and monitored by electronics; the authors handle the complexities of these overlaps and interactions in a straightforward and accessible manner that also enhances synergy with the book’s two sister volumes, Civil Avionics Systems and Military Avionics Systems. Aircraft Systems, 3rd Edition is thoroughly revised and expanded from the last edition in 2001, reflecting the significant technological and procedural changes that have occurred in the interim – new aircraft types, increased electronic implementation, developing markets, increased environmental pressures and the emergence of UAVs. Every chapter is updated, and the latest technologies depicted. It offers an essential reference tool for aerospace industry researchers and practitioners such as aircraft designers, fuel specialists, engine specialists, and ground crew maintenance providers, as well as a textbook for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students in systems engineering, aerospace and engineering avionics.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2008-04-04
Mått174 x 247 x 35 mm
Vikt1 075 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
SerieAerospace Series
Antal sidor560
Upplaga3
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9780470059968

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Flyg- och rymdteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Lan Moir After 20 years in the royal Air Force as an engineering officer, Ian went on to Smiths Industries in the UK where he was involved in a number of advanced projects. Since retiring from Smiths he is now in demand as a highly respected consultant. Ian has a brad and detailed experience working in aircraft avionics systems in both military and civil aircraft. From the RAF Tornado and Apache helicopter to the Boeing 777, Ian's work has kept him at the forefront of new system developments and integrated systems in the areas of more-electric technology and systems implementations. He has a special interest in fostering training and education in aerospace engineering. Allan Seabridge was until recently the Chief Flight Systems Engineer at BAE Systems at Warton in Lancashire in the UK. In over 30 years in the aerospace industry his work has latterly included the avionics systems on the Nimrod MRA 4 and Lockheed Martin Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter) as well as a the development of a range of flight and avionics systems on a wide range of fast jets, training aircraft and ground and maritime surveillance projects. Spending much of his time between Europe and the US, Allan is fully aware of systems developments worldwide. he is also keen to encourage a further understanding of integrated engineering systems. An interest in engineering education continues with the design and delivery of systems and engineering courses at a number of UK universities at undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Foreword xviiSeries Preface xixAbout the Authors xxiAcknowledgements xxiiiList of Abbreviations xxvIntroduction xxxvSystems Integration xxxviSystems Interaction xxxix1 Flight Control Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Principles of Flight Control 31.3 Flight Control Surfaces 41.4 Primary Flight Control 51.5 Secondary Flight Control 51.6 Commercial Aircraft 71.6.1 Primary Flight Control 71.6.2 Secondary Flight Control 71.7 Flight Control Linkage Systems 91.7.1 Push-Pull Control Rod System 101.7.2 Cable and Pulley System 111.8 High Lift Control Systems 131.9 Trim and Feel 151.9.1 Trim 151.9.2 Feel 171.10 Flight Control Actuation 181.10.1 Simple Mechanical/Hydraulic Actuation 191.10.2 Mechanical Actuation with Electrical Signalling 211.10.3 Multiple Redundancy Actuation 221.10.4 Mechanical Screwjack Actuator 261.10.5 Integrated Actuator Package (IAP) 271.10.6 Advanced Actuation Implementations 301.11 Civil System Implementations 341.11.1 Top-Level Comparison 351.11.2 Airbus Implementation 361.12 Fly-By-Wire Control Laws 401.13 A380 Flight Control Actuation 411.14 Boeing 777 Implementation 441.15 Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight Management 482 Engine Control Systems 512.1 Introduction 512.1.1 Engine/Airframe Interfaces 522.2 Engine Technology and Principles of Operation 532.3 The Control Problem 552.3.1 Fuel Flow Control 562.3.2 Air Flow Control 582.3.3 Control Systems 592.3.4 Control System Parameters 602.3.5 Input Signals 602.3.6 Output Signals 622.4 Example Systems 622.5 Design Criteria 712.6 Engine Starting 732.6.1 Fuel Control 732.6.2 Ignition Control 742.6.3 Engine Rotation 752.6.4 Throttle Levers 772.6.5 Starting Sequence 782.7 Engine Indications 782.8 Engine Oil Systems 812.9 Engine Offtakes 812.10 Reverse Thrust 832.11 Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft 843 Fuel Systems 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Characteristics of Fuel Systems 893.3 Description of Fuel System Components 903.3.1 Fuel Transfer Pumps 903.3.2 Fuel Booster Pumps 913.3.3 Fuel Transfer Valves 923.3.4 Non-Return Valves (NRVs) 933.4 Fuel Quantity Measurement 943.4.1 Level Sensors 943.4.2 Fuel Gauging Probes 963.4.3 Fuel Quantity Measurement Basics 963.4.4 Tank Shapes 973.4.5 Fuel Properties 983.4.6 Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems 1013.4.7 Fokker F50/F100 System 1013.4.8 Airbus A320 System 1033.4.9 ‘Smart' Probes 1043.4.10 Ultrasonic Probes 1053.5 Fuel System Operating Modes 1053.5.1 Pressurisation 1063.5.2 Engine Feed 1063.5.3 Fuel Transfer 1083.5.4 Refuel/Defuel 1093.5.5 Vent Systems 1113.5.6 Use of Fuel as a Heat Sink 1123.5.7 External Fuel Tanks 1123.5.8 Fuel Jettison 1133.5.9 In-Flight Refuelling 1143.6 Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems 1163.6.1 Bombardier Global Express 1173.6.2 Boeing 777 1193.6.3 A340-500/600 Fuel System 1203.7 Fuel Tank Safety 1283.7.1 Principles of Fuel Inerting 1293.7.2 Air Separation Technology 1303.7.3 Typical Fuel Inerting System 1313.8 Polar Operations – Cold Fuel Management 1333.8.1 Minimum Equipment List (MEL) 1333.8.2 Cold Fuel Characteristics 1343.8.3 Fuel Temperature Indication 1354 Hydraulic Systems 1374.1 Introduction 1374.2 Hydraulic Circuit Design 1384.3 Hydraulic Actuation 1424.4 Hydraulic Fluid 1444.5 Fluid Pressure 1454.6 Fluid Temperature 1454.7 Fluid Flow Rate 1464.8 Hydraulic Piping 1464.9 Hydraulic Pumps 1474.10 Fluid Conditioning 1514.11 Hydraulic Reservoir 1524.12 Warnings and Status 1524.13 Emergency Power Sources 1534.14 Proof of Design 1544.15 Aircraft System Applications 1554.15.1 The Avro RJ Hydraulic System 1564.15.2 The BAE SYSTEMS Hawk 200 Hydraulic System 1614.15.3 Tornado Hydraulic System 1614.16 Civil Transport Comparison 1634.16.1 Airbus A 320 1644.16.2 Boeing 767 1654.17 Landing Gear Systems 1674.17.1 Nose Gear 1674.17.2 Main Gear 1684.17.3 Braking Anti-Skid and Steering 1694.17.4 Electronic Control 1724.17.5 Automatic Braking 1734.17.6 Multi-Wheel Systems 1754.17.7 Brake Parachute 1785 Electrical Systems 1815.1 Introduction 1815.1.1 Electrical Power Evolution 1815.2 Aircraft Electrical System 1845.3 Power Generation 1855.3.1 DC Power Generation 1855.3.2 AC Power Generation 1865.3.3 Power Generation Control 1885.4 Primary Power Distribution 1995.5 Power Conversion and Energy Storage 2015.5.1 Inverters 2015.5.2 Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs) 2015.5.3 Auto-Transformers 2025.5.4 Battery Chargers 2025.5.5 Batteries 2035.6 Secondary Power Distribution 2035.6.1 Power Switching 2035.6.2 Load Protection 2045.7 Typical Aircraft DC System 2075.8 Typical Civil Transport Electrical System 2085.9 Electrical Loads 2105.9.1 Motors and Actuation 2105.9.2 DC Motors 2115.9.3 AC Motors 2125.9.4 Lighting 2125.9.5 Heating 2135.9.6 Subsystem Controllers and Avionics Systems 2135.9.7 Ground Power 2145.10 Emergency Power Generation 2145.10.1 Ram Air Turbine 2155.10.2 Backup Power Converters 2155.10.3 Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs) 2165.11 Recent Systems Developments 2185.11.1 Electrical Load Management System (ELMS) 2185.11.2 Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) 2205.11.3 270 VDC Systems 2275.11.4 More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) 2275.12 Recent Electrical System Developments 2285.12.1 Airbus A380 Electrical System Overview 2295.12.2 A400m 2345.12.3 B787 Electrical Overview 2345.13 Electrical Systems Displays 2376 Pneumatic Systems 2396.1 Introduction 2396.2 Use of Bleed Air 2406.3 Engine Bleed Air Control 2446.4 Bleed Air System Indications 2476.5 Bleed Air System Users 2476.5.1 Wing and Engine Anti-Ice 2486.5.2 Engine Start 2506.5.3 Thrust Reversers 2516.5.4 Hydraulic Systems 2516.6 Pitot Static Systems 2526.6.1 Innovative Methods of Pitot-Static Measurement 2567 Environmental Control Systems 2597.1 Introduction 2597.2 The Need for a Controlled Environment 2607.2.1 Kinetic Heating 2607.2.2 Solar Heating 2617.2.3 Avionics Heat Loads 2627.2.4 Airframe System Heat Loads 2627.2.5 The Need for Cabin Conditioning 2627.2.6 The Need for Avionics Conditioning 2637.3 The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) 2637.4 Environmental Control System Design 2667.4.1 Ram Air Cooling 2667.4.2 Fuel Cooling 2677.4.3 Engine Bleed 2677.4.4 Bleed Flow and Temperature Control 2697.5 Cooling Systems 2717.5.1 Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems 2717.5.2 Turbofan System 2727.5.3 Bootstrap System 2727.5.4 Reversed Bootstrap 2747.5.5 Ram Powered Reverse Bootstrap 2747.5.6 Vapour Cycle Systems 2757.5.7 Liquid Cooled Systems 2767.5.8 Expendable Heat Sinks 2777.6 Humidity Control 2787.7 The Inefficiency of Present Systems 2797.8 Air Distribution Systems 2797.8.1 Avionics Cooling 2797.8.2 Unconditioned Bays 2807.8.3 Conditioned Bays 2807.8.4 Conditioned Bay Equipment Racking 2817.8.5 Ground Cooling 2827.8.6 Cabin Distribution Systems 2837.9 Cabin Noise 2847.10 Cabin Pressurisation 2847.11 Hypoxia 2877.12 Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrators 2887.13 g Tolerance 2917.14 Rain Dispersal 2927.15 Anti-Misting and De-Misting 2937.16 Aircraft Icing 2938 Emergency Systems 2978.1 Introduction 2978.2 Warning Systems 2988.3 Fire Detection and Suppression 3018.4 Emergency Power Sources 3058.5 Explosion Suppression 3078.6 Emergency Oxygen 3088.7 Passenger Evacuation 3088.8 Crew Escape 3108.9 Computer-Controlled Seats 3128.10 Ejection System Timing 3138.11 High Speed Escape 3148.12 Crash Recorder 3148.13 Crash Switch 3158.14 Emergency Landing 3158.15 Emergency System Testing 3179 Rotary Wing Systems 3199.1 Introduction 3199.2 Special Requirements of Helicopters 3209.3 Principles of Helicopter Flight 3219.4 Helicopter Flight Control 3249.5 Primary Flight Control Actuation 3259.5.1 Manual Control 3269.5.2 Auto-Stabilisation 3289.5.3 Autopilot Modes 3309.6 Key Helicopter Systems 3339.6.1 Engine and Transmission System 3359.6.2 Hydraulic Systems 3389.6.3 Electrical System 3409.6.4 Health Monitoring System 3419.6.5 Specialised Helicopter Systems 3429.7 Helicopter Auto-Flight Control 3439.7.1 EH 101 Flight Control System 3439.7.2 NOTAR Method of Yaw Control 3469.8 Active Control Technology 3499.9 Advanced Battlefield Helicopter 3509.9.1 Target Acquisition and Designator System (TADS)/Pilots Night Vision System (PNVS) 3509.9.2 AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache 3539.10 Tilt Rotor Systems 3579.10.1 Tilt Rotor Concept and Development 3579.10.2 V-22 Osprey 3589.10.3 Civil Tilt Rotor 36610 Advanced Systems 37110.1 Introduction 37110.1.1 STOL Manoeuvre Technology Demonstrator (SMTD) 37110.1.2 Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) 37210.1.3 More-Electric Aircraft 37210.1.4 More-Electric Engine 37310.2 Stealth 37410.2.1 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) 37410.3 Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control (IFPC) 37510.4 Vehicle Management System 37710.5 More-Electric Aircraft 38110.5.1 Engine Power Offtakes 38110.5.2 Boeing 787 (More-Electric) Electrical System 38210.5.3 More-Electric Hydraulic System 38410.5.4 More-Electric Environmental Control System 38610.6 More-Electric Actuation 38810.6.1 Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) 38810.6.2 Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA) 38810.6.3 Electric Braking 38810.7 More-Electric Engine 38910.7.1 Conventional Engine Characteristics 39010.7.2 More-Electric Engine Characteristics 39010.8 Impact of Stealth Design 39310.8.1 Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk 39410.8.2 Northrop B-2 Spirit 39610.8.3 Joint Strike Fighter – F-35 Lightning II 40110.9 Technology Developments/Demonstrators 40210.9.1 Fault Tolerant 270VDC Electrical Power Generation System 40210.9.2 Thermal and Energy Management Module 40210.9.3 AFTI F-16 Flight Demonstration 40311 System Design and Development 40711.1 Introduction 40711.1.1 Systems Design 40811.1.2 Development Processes 40811.2 System Design 40811.2.1 Key Agencies and Documentation 40811.2.2 Design Guidelines and Certification Techniques 40911.2.3 Key Elements of the Development Process 41011.3 Major Safety Processes 41111.3.1 Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) 41211.3.2 Preliminary System Safety Analysis (PSSA) 41311.3.3 System Safety Analysis (SSA) 41411.3.4 Common Cause Analysis (CCA) 41411.4 Requirements Capture 41511.4.1 Top-Down Approach 41511.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach 41611.4.3 Requirements Capture Example 41611.5 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 41811.6 Dependency Diagram 42011.7 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 42211.8 Component Reliability 42311.8.1 Analytical Methods 42311.8.2 In-Service Data 42411.9 Dispatch Reliability 42411.10 Markov Analysis 42511.11 Development Processes 42711.11.1 The Product Life Cycle 42711.11.2 Concept Phase 42811.11.3 Definition Phase 43011.11.4 Design Phase 43111.11.5 Build Phase 43211.11.6 Test Phase (Qualification Phase) 43311.11.7 Operate Phase 43311.11.8 Disposal or Refurbish 43411.11.9 Development Programme 43511.11.10 ‘V' Diagram 43711.12 Extended Operations (ETOPS) 43812 Avionics Technology 44112.1 Introduction 44112.2 The Nature of Microelectronic Devices 44312.2.1 Processors 44612.2.2 Memory Devices 44612.2.3 Digital Data Buses 44712.2.4 A 429 Data Bus 44912.2.5 MIL-STD-1553b 45112.2.6 ARINC 629 Data Bus 45312.2.7 COTS Data Buses 45612.3 Data Bus Integration of Aircraft Systems 46012.3.1 Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP) 46012.3.2 Airbus A330/340 46112.3.3 Boeing 777 46212.3.4 Regional Aircraft/Business Jets 46312.3.5 A380 Avionics Architecture 46412.3.6 Boeing 787 Avionics Architecture 46712.3.7 COTS Data Buses – IEEE 1394 46812.4 Fibre Optic Buses 46912.5 Avionics Packaging Standards 47012.5.1 Air Transport Radio (ATR) 47012.5.2 Modular Concept Unit (MCU) 47012.6 Typical LRU Architecture 47112.7 Integrated Modular Avionics 47313 Environmental Conditions 47713.1 Introduction 47713.2 Environmental Factors 47913.2.1 Altitude 47913.2.2 Temperature 48013.2.3 Contamination by Fluids 48213.2.4 Solar Radiation 48313.2.5 Rain, Humidity, Moisture 48413.2.6 Fungus 48513.2.7 Salt Fog/Salt Mist 48513.2.8 Sand and Dust 48613.2.9 Explosive Atmosphere 48613.2.10 Acceleration 48713.2.11 Immersion 48713.2.12 Vibration 48813.2.13 Acoustic Noise 48813.2.14 Shock 48913.2.15 Pyroshock 49013.2.16 Acidic Atmosphere 49013.2.17 Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Altitude 49013.2.18 Icing/Freezing Rain 49113.2.19 Vibro-Acoustic, Temperature 49113.2.20 RF Radiation 49113.2.21 Lightning 49213.2.22 Nuclear, Biological and Chemical 49313.3 Testing and Validation Process 493Index 499