Advanced Functional Textiles and Polymers

Shahid-ul-Islam is a researcher of international recognition at the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. His current research interests include green chemistry, dyes & pigments, thermodynamics and kinetics of colorants, and polymeric nanocomposites. He has numerous academic publications in international journals of high repute to his credit. This current book is his 5th volume with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. B. S. Butola obtained his B. Tech. (1990) and Ph.D. degrees (2005) in textile technology from IIT Delhi, India. Currently he is an Associate Professor at the Department of Textile Technology, IIT Delhi. His research interests include functionalization of textiles with metal oxides, use of shear thickening fluids for improving the impact performance of ballistic textiles, polymeric nanocomposites and smart colorants. This current book is his 3rd volume with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.

• Preface xvii1 Flame Retarded Cotton Fabrics: Current Achievements, Open Challenges, and Future Perspectives 1Giulio Malucelli1.1 Introduction 21.2 Textile Finishing with Sol–Gel Treatments 81.2.1 Fully Inorganic Systems 101.2.2 Phosphorus-Doped Sol–Gel Coatings 131.2.3 Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Sol–Gel Coatings 141.3 Textile Finishing with Layer-by-Layer Assemblies 171.3.1 Fully Inorganic LbL Assemblies on Cotton 181.3.2 Intumescent LbL Assemblies on Cotton 191.3.3 Hybrid LbL Assemblies on Cotton 231.4 Current Limitations of Sol–Gel and Layer-by-Layer Treatments 251.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 26Acknowledgments 27References 272 UV Protective Clothing 33Anu Mishra and Bhupendra Singh Butola2.1 Introduction 332.2 Harmful Effects of UV Radiations on Skin 342.2.1 Short-Term Effects 372.2.2 Long-Term Effects 382.3 Environmental Factors Influencing UV Level on Earth 392.3.1 Effect of Ozone Layer Depletion 402.3.2 Solar Elevation (Height of the Sun in the Sky) 402.3.3 Latitude and Altitude 402.3.4 Cloud Cover and Haze 412.3.5 Ground Reflection 412.4 Effect of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Textile Materials on UV Protection 422.4.1 Effect of Physical Parameters 432.4.1.1 Yarn Structural Parameters 432.4.1.2 Fabric Structural Parameters 432.4.2 Effect of Chemical Parameters 442.4.2.1 Effect of Fiber Chemistry 442.4.2.2 Effect of Chemical Processing (Bleaching, Dyeing, and Other Finishing Chemicals) 452.5 Type of UV Finishes, Their Working Mechanism, and Limitations 462.5.1 Organic UV Absorbers 462.5.2 Inorganic UV Blockers 492.6 Application Methods of UV Finish in Textiles 502.7 Test Methods for Quantitative Assessment of UV Protection of Textiles 542.7.1 In Vitro 562.7.2 In Vivo 572.8 Summary 57References 583 Potential of Textile Structure Reinforced Composites for Automotive Applications 65Vikas Khatkar, R. N. Manjunath, Sandeep Olhan and B. K. Behera3.1 Introduction 663.2 Materials for Automotive 683.2.1 Metallic Materials in Automotive 683.2.1.1 Steel 683.2.1.2 Aluminum 683.2.1.3 Magnesium 693.2.2 Composite Materials for Automotives 703.2.2.1 Natural Fiber Reinforcement Polymer Composites 713.2.2.2 Advance Fiber-Based Composite 733.2.3 Advantage of Composite Over Conventional Materials 753.2.3.1 Lightweight 753.2.3.2 Crashworthiness 783.2.3.3 Joining 793.2.3.4 Recycling 793.3 Textile Materials for Automotive 803.3.1 Textile Structural Composites for Automotive 823.3.1.1 3D Fabrics as New Solutions for Transportation Applications 843.4 Potential Automotive Parts to be Replaced with Textile Structural Composites 853.4.1 Automotive Interiors 853.4.2 Exterior Body Panels 873.4.2.1 Car Hoods (Bonnet) 873.4.2.2 Bumpers 883.4.2.3 Door Panels 903.4.3 Structural Components 903.4.3.1 Leaf Spring 913.5 Lightweight Solution for Electric Car 933.6 Conclusion 93References 944 Biotechnology Applications in Textiles 99Lalit Jajpura4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Adverse Effects of Industrial Farm Practices in Cotton Cultivation 1014.2.1 Adverse Effect of Synthetic Fertilizers 1014.2.2 Adverse Effect of Synthetic Pesticides 1024.2.3 Adverse Effect of Excessive Irrigation 1034.3 Application of Biotechnology in Cotton Cultivation 1034.3.1 Gene Construction and Transformation 1044.3.2 Bt Cotton 1054.4 Wet Processing of Cotton and Its Environmental Impact 1054.5 Enzyme and Its Properties 1064.6 Classification of Enzymes 1074.7 Enzymatic Bioprocessing of Cotton 1084.7.1 Desizing 1084.7.2 Enzymatic Desizing 1094.7.2.1 Amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1) 1094.7.2.2 Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) 1094.7.3 Scouring 1104.7.4 Enzymatic Scouring 1104.7.4.1 Pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15) 1104.7.4.2 Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) 1114.7.4.3 Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) 1114.7.4.4 Cutinase (EC 3.1.1.74) 1114.7.4.5 Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) 1124.7.5 Enzymatic Bleaching 1124.7.5.1 Laccase (E.C. 1.10.3.2) 1134.8 Enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Removal by Catalase 1134.8.1 Catalase (E.C. 1.11.1.6) 1144.9 Biopolishing of Cotton 1144.10 Enzymatic Fading of Denim 1144.11 Application of Biotechnology in Wool Production and its Wet Processing 1154.12 Enzymatic Bioprocessing of Wool 1154.12.1 Enzymatic Carbonization of Wool 1154.12.2 Enzymatic Scouring of Wool 1164.12.2.1 Protease (EC 3.4.21.112) 1164.12.3 Enzymatic Finishing of Wool 1164.13 Application of Biotechnology in Sericulture and Wet Processing of Silk 1174.14 Enzymatic Bioprocessing of Silk 1174.15 Application of Biotechnology in Sustainable Finishing 1184.16 Application of Enzyme Immobilization Techniques in Reuse of Enzymes 1194.17 Conclusion 119References 1205 Environmental Issues in Textiles 129Rishabh Kumar Saran, Raj Kumar and Shashikant Yadav5.1 Introduction 1305.2 Textile Fiber 1305.3 Processes in the Textile Industry 1315.4 Key Environmental Issues 1345.4.1 Supply Water 1345.4.2 Chlorinated Solvents 1375.4.3 Hydrocarbon Solvents—Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 1375.4.4 Hydrocarbon Solvents—Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1385.4.5 Oxygenated Solvents (Alcohols/Glycols/Ethers/Esters/Ketones/Aldehydes) 1385.4.6 Grease and Oil Impregnated Wastes 1395.4.7 Used Oils 1395.4.8 Dyestuffs and Pigments Containing Dangerous Substances 1405.4.9 Heat and Energy Generation From Textile Industry Waste 1405.4.10 Carbon Footprint of a Textile Product 1435.5 Environmental Impact of Textile Industry Wastewater 1445.6 Environmental Legislation 146References 1466 Water Saving Technologies for Textile Chemical Processing 153Nagender Singh6.1 Introduction 1546.1.1 Indian Textile Industry 1556.1.2 Water Consumption in Textile Processing 1576.2 Technologies for Water Saving in Textile Chemical Processing 1586.2.1 Process Optimization Techniques 1586.2.2 Emerging Water-Saving Wet Processing Technologies 1606.2.3 Low Liquor Technologies 1656.3 Conclusion 166References 1677 Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Using Modified Titania 171Waseem Raza and Mohd Faraz7.1 Introduction 1727.1.1 Discovery of Photocatalysis: A Short Historical Overview 1747.1.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism 1757.1.3 Mechanism Under Visible Light Irradiation 1767.1.4 Direct Mechanism for Dye Degradation 1787.1.5 Our Research Focus 1797.2 Photocatalytic Application 1807.2.1 Degradation of Methylene Blue Using Fe-Doped TiO2 1807.2.2 Degradation of Acid Yellow 29 Using La and Mo-Doped TiO2 Carbon Sphere (CS) 1817.2.3 Degradation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 Using La and Mo-Doped TiO2 Carbon Sphere 1827.2.4 Degradation of Acid Green 25 Using La and Mo-Doped TiO2 Carbon Sphere 1847.2.5 Degradation of Acid Yellow 29 Using Ce and Mn-Doped TiO2 Carbon Sphere 1857.2.6 Degradation of Acid Green 25 Using Ce and Mn-Doped TiO2 Carbon Sphere 1867.2.7 Degradation of Barbituric Acid and Matrinidazole in Using Undoped and Ni-Doped TiO2 1887.3 Factors Affecting the Degradation of Organic Pollutants 1907.3.1 Effect of pH 1907.3.2 Effect of Photocatalyst Loading 1917.3.3 Effect of Calcination Temperature 1927.3.4 Effect of Reaction Temperature 1937.3.5 Effect of Inorganic Ions 1937.4 Conclusions 195References 1958 Advanced Approaches for Remediation of Textile Wastewater: A Comparative Study 201Shumaila Kiran, Sofia Nosheen, Shazia Abrar, Fozia Anjum, Tahsin Gulzar and Saba Naz8.1 Introduction 2028.1.1 Textile Wastewater 2028.1.2 Characteristics of Textile Wastewater 2028.1.3 Damages Caused by Textile Effluent 2028.1.4 Ecological Balance and Environmental Issue 2048.1.5 Need for the Treatment 2048.1.6 Standards of Textile Industry for Water Contaminants 2068.2 Treatment Methods for Textile Effluent 2078.2.1 Dealings to Control Water Contamination 2078.2.2 Physical Methods 2088.2.2.1 Screening 2088.2.2.2 Coagulation–Flocculation Treatments 2098.2.2.3 Sedimentation 2108.2.2.4 Equalization or Homogenization 2118.2.2.5 Floatation 2118.2.2.6 Adsorption 2128.2.2.7 Membrane Processes 2148.2.3 Chemical Methods 2198.2.3.1 Chemical Precipitation 2198.2.3.2 Neutralization 2208.2.3.3 Electro Chemical Process 2208.2.3.4 Oxidation Methods 2218.2.3.5 Ion Exchange Process 2268.2.4 Biological Methods 2298.2.4.1 Efficiency of Biological Methods 2328.2.4.2 Bacterial Decolorization of Dyes 2328.2.4.3 Dye Degradation by Fungal Cultures 2348.2.4.4 Algae for Degradation of Dyes 2368.2.4.5 Microbial Fuel Cell 2388.3 Sequential Method for Textile Effluent Treatment 2408.3.1 Levels of Textile Effluent Treatments 2418.3.1.1 Preliminary Treatment 2418.3.1.2 Primary Treatment 2428.3.1.3 Secondary Treatment 2438.3.1.4 Tertiary Treatment 2458.4 Conclusion 247References 2479 Polymer-Supported Nanocomposite-Based Nanomaterials for Removal and Recovery of Pollutants and Their Application in Bio-Electrochemical System 265Abdul Hakeem Anwer, Nishat Khan, Mohammad Shahadat, Mohammad Zain Khan, Ziauddin Ahammad Shaikh and Syed Wazed Ali9.1 Introduction 2669.1.1 Reason for Selection of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposite Material 2689.1.2 Synthesis of PANI Based Nanocomposite 2699.1.2.1 Sol–Gel Methode 2749.1.2.2 Hydrothermal Method 2749.1.2.3 Chemical Reduction Method 2749.1.2.4 Chemical In Situ Polymerization Method 2759.1.3 Treatment of Wastewater Using Bioelectrochemical System 2759.1.3.1 Microbial Fuel Cell 2769.1.3.2 MEC System 2799.1.3.3 Electrode Material 2799.1.4 Polyaniline-Supported Electrodic Material for MFC/MEC 2819.2 Conclusion 282Acknowledgments 283References 28310 Reactive and Functional Polymers 291Tanvir Arfin10.1 Introduction 29110.2 Types of Textiles 29310.3 Location of Textile Industries in India 29310.4 Role of Polymer 29410.4.1 Chitosan 29410.4.2 Starch 29510.4.3 Gelatin 29610.4.4 Cellulose 29710.4.5 Protein 29810.4.6 MWCNT 29810.4.7 Dendrimer 29910.4.8 Polystyrene 29910.4.9 Nylon-6,6 30010.4.10 Polyaniline 30010.4.11 Polyvinyl Alcohol 30110.5 Conclusion 301References 30211 Fabrication and Biomedical Applications of Polyvinyl-Alcohol-Based Nanocomposites with Special Emphasis on the Anti-Bacterial Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Polymer Nanocomposites 309Shahnawaz Ahmad Bhat, Fahmina Zafar, Azar Ullah Mirza, Abdulrahman Mohammad, Paramjit Singh and Nahid Nishat11.1 Introduction 31011.2 Scope of the Chapter 31211.3 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 31311.3.1 Preparation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 31411.3.1.1 Co-Precipitation Method 31411.3.1.2 Hydrothermal Technique 31411.3.1.3 Micro-Emulsion Method 31511.3.1.4 Sol–Gel Method 31511.4 Nanocomposite 31611.4.1 Preparation of Nanocomposite 31811.4.1.1 Ex Situ Method 31811.4.1.2 In Situ Method 31811.5 Biomedical Applications of Nanocomposite 31911.5.1 Anticancer Application 32011.5.2 Antibacterial Application 32011.6 Conclusions 325Acknowledgments 326References 32612 Preparation, Classification, and Applications of Smart Hydrogels 337Ali Akbar Merati, Nahid Hemmatinejad, Mina Shakeri and Azadeh Bashari12.1 Introduction 33712.2 Preparation and Characterization of Smart Hydrogels 33912.2.1 Preparation of Smart Hydrogels 33912.2.2 Characterization of Smart Hydrogels 34112.3 Classifications of Smart Hydrogels 34412.3.1 Physical Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels 34512.3.2 Chemical Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels 34612.3.3 Biochemical Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels 34712.4 Applications of Smart Hydrogels 34812.4.1 Drug Delivery Systems 34912.4.2 Injectable Hydrogels 35012.4.3 Tissue Engineering 35112.4.4 Smart Hydrogels as Actuators 35112.4.5 Sensors 35112.4.6 Self-Healing 35212.5 Smart Hydrogel-Functionalized Textile Systems 35312.6 Electrospinning of Smart Hydrogels 35512.7 Future Trends of Smart Hydrogels 35612.8 Conclusions 357References 35713 Potential Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites: Recent Trends and Challenges 365Tara Chand Yadav, Pallavi Saxena, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Amit Kumar Singh, Ravi Kumar Yadav, Harish, R. Prasad and Vikas Pruthi13.1 Introduction 36613.2 Synthetic Routes for the Preparation of Nanocomposites of Chitosan 36813.2.1 General Synthetic Routes 36813.2.2 Physical Methods 36913.2.2.1 Photochemical Methods (UV, Near-IR), Radiolysis, and Sonochemistry 37013.2.3 Chemical Method 37013.2.3.1 Borohydride Reduction 37113.2.3.2 Citrate Reduction 37213.2.4 Seeding-Growth Method 37213.2.5 Biosynthesis Methods 37213.3 Applications of Chitosan Nanocomposites 37313.3.1 Chitosan Treatment of Textiles 37313.3.1.1 Wool 37413.3.1.2 Silk 37513.3.1.3 Cotton 37613.3.2 Textile Functionalities Achieved 37613.3.2.1 Antimicrobial and Enriched Dyeing Properties 37613.3.2.2 Wrinkle Proof Resistance 37813.3.3 Effluent Treatment Applications 37813.3.4 Bioremediation 37913.4 Biomedical Application 38013.4.1 Drug Delivery 38013.4.2 Wound Healing 38113.4.2.1 Scaffolds Ingrained with Chitosan/Natural/Synthetic Graft for Wound Healing 38113.4.2.2 Composite Chitosan Graft Scaffoldings for Wound Healing 38213.4.2.3 Chitosan–Oil Ingrained Grafts for Wound Healing 38413.4.2.4 Plant Extract Ingrained Chitosan Film Scaffoldings for Wound Healing 38413.4.2.5 Modified Chitosan Products for Wound Healing 38513.4.2.6 Toxicological Assessment of Tri-Methyl Chitosan 38513.4.2.7 Effect of Trimethyl Chitosan in Wound Healing 38513.4.2.8 Impact of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Carboxymethyl-Trimethyl Chitosan 38613.4.2.9 Peptides Conjugates-Chitosan/Derivatives for Wound Healing 38613.4.2.10 Commercial Dressing Bandages of Chitosan Blend 38713.5 Future Prospects 388References 38914 Use of Polymer Nanocomposites in Asphalt Binder Modification 405Saqib Gulzar and Shane Underwood14.1 Introduction 40514.2 Background 40714.2.1 Asphalt Binders 40814.2.2 Asphalt Modification 41114.2.3 Comparative Analysis 41314.3 Polymer Nanocomposites 41514.3.1 Polymers and Nanomaterials 41514.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposites (PNC) 41614.3.2.1 PNC Blended Systems 41714.3.2.2 PNC Integrated Systems 41714.4 Rheological Impacts 41814.4.1 Measures for Polymer Modified and Nano Modified Asphalt Binder Systems 41814.4.2 Measures with PNC Modified Asphalt 42114.5 Suggested Evaluation Method for PNC Modified Asphalt Binders 42714.6 Summary 428References 428Index 433