6G-Enabled Technologies for Next Generation

Dr. Amit Kumar Tyagi is an Assistant Professor at the National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi, India. Dr. Shrikant Tiwari is an Associate Professor in the School of Computing Science and Engineering (SCSE) at Galgotias University, India. Dr. Shivani Gupta is a Senior-Assistant Professor at the Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. Dr. Anand Kumar Mishra is an Assistant Professor at the NIIT University, Neemrana, India.

• About the Authors xxiiiPreface xxvAcknowledgments xxvii1 6G-Enabled Technologies: An Introduction 11.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies 11.1.1 Key Features and Advancements 11.1.2 Challenges and Issues 21.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems 21.3 Motivation for 6G Technology 41.4 Literature Review 61.5 Key Features and Objectives of 6G in Modern Era 81.6 Advantages vs Disadvantages of 6G 101.6.1 Advantages of 6G 101.6.2 Disadvantages of 6G 121.7 Open Issues and Important Challenges Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies 121.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies in Near Future 141.9 An Open Discussion for 6G-Enabled Technologies-Based Modern Society 151.10 Summary 17References 172 Fundamentals of 6G Networks 212.1 Introduction to 6G Networks 212.2 Literature Review 212.3 Terahertz (THz) Communication in 6G Networks 242.4 Massive MIMO and Beamforming in 6G Networks 252.5 Quantum Communication in 6G Networks 262.6 Artificial Intelligence in 6G 272.7 Spectrum Issues and Bandwidth Management in 6G Networks 292.8 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Techniques in 6G Networks 302.9 Ultra-Dense Networks and Small Cell Deployments in 6G Networks 312.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G Networks 322.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G Networks 342.12 Summary 36References 363 Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G 393.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G 393.2 Literature Review 413.3 Spectrum and Air Interface for 6G 433.3.1 Air Interface Design Issue 443.4 Waveform Design and Modulation Schemes for 6G 453.4.1 Challenges in 6G Waveform Design 463.4.2 Evolution of Modulation Schemes 463.5 Multiple Access Techniques for 6G Networks 473.5.1 Challenges in 6G Multiple Access 473.5.2 Evolution of Multiple Access Techniques 483.6 Advanced Coding and Error Correction Schemes for 6G 483.6.1 Challenges in 6G Communication 493.6.2 Innovations in Coding and Error Correction 493.7 Spectrum Challenges and Opportunities for 6G 503.7.1 Spectrum Challenges for 6G 503.7.2 Opportunities in Spectrum for 6G 503.8 THz Band Communication for 6G 513.8.1 Opportunities of THz Band Communication for 6G 513.8.2 Challenges and Innovations in THz Band Communication 523.9 Advanced Modulation Schemes for 6G 523.9.1 Challenges in 6G Modulation 533.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G 543.10.1 Technological Challenges 543.10.2 Security and Privacy Challenges 553.10.3 Socioeconomic Issue 553.11 Future Research Opportunities for 6G Network-Based Environment 563.11.1 Technological Advancements 563.11.2 Societal Implications 563.11.3 Economic and Industry Perspectives 573.12 Summary 57References 584 Enabling Technologies for 6G-Based Advanced Applications 614.1 Introduction to Enabling Technologies and Their Role with 6G 614.1.1 Enabling Technologies of the Future 614.1.2 Role of 6G 634.1.3 Evolution of 1G to 6G 634.1.3.1 1G (First Generation) 644.1.3.2 2G (Second Generation) 644.1.3.3 3G (Third Generation) 644.1.3.4 4G (Fourth Generation) 644.1.3.5 5G (Fifth Generation) 654.1.3.6 6G (Sixth Generation) 654.2 Literature Review 654.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 6G 684.3.1 Data Analytics and AI in 6G 704.3.2 Internet of Things (IoT) and Sensor Networks in 6G 724.3.3 Mobile Cloud Computing in 6G 734.3.4 Cloud, Edge, and Mist Computing in 6G 744.3.4.1 Cloud Computing 744.3.4.2 Edge Computing 754.3.4.3 Mist Computing 754.3.4.4 Integration of Cloud, Edge, and Mist Computing 764.3.5 Spatial Computing in 6G 764.3.6 Dew Computing in 6G 784.3.7 Quantum Communications and Computing in 6G 804.3.7.1 Quantum-Secured Communication 804.3.7.2 Quantum Networking 804.3.7.3 Quantum-Secured IoT 804.3.7.4 Quantum-Computing Acceleration 804.3.7.5 Quantum ml 814.3.7.6 Quantum-Secured Edge Computing 814.4 Blockchain and Security in 6G Networks 814.4.1 Decentralized Identity Management 814.4.2 Secure Authentication and Access Control 824.4.3 Immutable Audit Trails and Forensics 824.4.4 Secure Data Exchange and Sharing 824.4.5 Resilient and Scalable Security Infrastructure 824.4.6 Tokenization and Micropayments 824.5 Photonic and Optical Technologies in 6G 834.5.1 Terahertz Communication 834.5.2 Optical Wireless Communication 844.5.3 Integrated Photonics 844.5.4 Optical Fiber Networks 844.5.5 Optical Sensors and Sensing Networks 854.6 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting in 6G 854.6.1 Wpt 854.6.2 Energy Harvesting 864.6.3 Harvesting Ambient RF Energy 864.6.4 Integrated Power Management and Energy-Aware Networking 864.6.5 Self-Powered IoT Networks 874.7 Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G 874.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G 884.9 Summary 90References 905 Security and Privacy in 6G Networks 955.1 Introduction to Security and Privacy 955.1.1 Defining Security and Privacy 955.1.2 The Interplay Between Security and Privacy 965.1.3 Challenges in Ensuring Security and Privacy 965.1.4 The Need for a Holistic Approach 975.2 Types, Features, and Importance of Security and Privacy 975.2.1 Types of Security and Privacy 975.2.2 Features of Security and Privacy 985.2.3 Importance of Security and Privacy 995.3 Literature Review 995.4 Quantum-Safe Encryption for 6G 1015.4.1 Principles of Quantum-Safe Encryption 1015.4.2 Importance of Quantum-Safe Encryption for 6G 1025.5 Privacy-Preserving Technologies for 6G 1025.5.1 Key Privacy-Preserving Technologies 1035.5.2 Challenges and Future Directions 1045.6 Threats and Vulnerabilities in 6G Networks 1045.6.1 Key Threats and Vulnerabilities 1055.6.2 Mitigation Strategies 1065.7 Authentication and Access Control Mechanisms for 6G 1065.7.1 Challenges and Requirements 1075.7.2 Authentication Mechanisms 1075.7.3 Access Control Mechanisms 1075.8 Issues and Challenges Toward Maintaining Security and Privacy in 6G 1085.8.1 Mitigation Strategies 1095.9 Future Research Opportunities for Improving Security and Privacy in 6G 1105.9.1 Future Research Opportunities 1105.10 Summary 111References 1116 Applications and Use Cases of 6G Technology 1156.1 Introduction to 6G Technology Applications 1156.2 Literature Review 1176.3 IoT-Based Smart Cities and Smart Environment – In General 1196.4 Smart Cities and Urban Connectivity Using 6G 1216.5 Telemedicine and Healthcare – In General 1236.6 Modern Healthcare Services with 6G 1256.7 Autonomous Vehicles – In General 1266.8 Autonomous Vehicles and Transportation Systems in 6G Networks 1286.9 Virtual and Augmented Reality in 6G Networks 1316.10 Other Applications with 6G Technology in Next Decade 1336.11 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Applications 1346.11.1 Technical Issues 1346.11.2 Nontechnical Issues 1356.12 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Applications in Near Future 1366.13 Summary 137References 1387 Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G 1437.1 Introduction to Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G 1437.2 Literature Review 1457.3 Hexa-Cell and Nano-Cell Networks for 6G 1487.3.1 Hexa-Cell Networks 1487.3.2 Nano-Cell Networks 1487.4 Cloud/Fog/Edge Computing in 6G 1497.4.1 Cloud Computing in 6G 1497.4.2 Fog Computing in 6G 1507.4.3 Edge Computing in 6G 1517.5 Satellite Integration via 6G in Near Future 1527.6 Network Slicing via 6G 1537.7 Network Slicing and Service Differentiation Using 5G and 6G 1547.8 Multi-Connectivity and Heterogeneous Networks in 6G Technology 1567.8.1 Multi-Connectivity 1567.8.2 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 1567.8.3 Integration and Interoperability 1577.8.4 Dynamic Resource Allocation 1577.8.5 Use Cases and Applications 1577.9 QoS and Resource Management in 6G Networks 1587.9.1 Dynamic QoS Provisioning 1587.9.2 Network Slicing 1587.9.3 AI-Driven Resource Optimization 1587.9.4 Edge Computing and Caching 1597.9.5 Interoperability and Standards 1597.10 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks 1597.10.1 Technical Challenge 1597.10.2 Nontechnical Challenges 1607.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks 1617.11.1 Spectrum Exploration and Utilization 1627.11.2 Ultralow Latency Communication 1627.11.3 Massive Connectivity and IoT 1627.11.4 AI-Driven Networking and Optimization 1627.11.5 Quantum-Secure Communication 1627.11.6 Edge Computing and Heterogeneous Networks 1637.11.7 Green and Sustainable Networking 1637.11.8 User-Centric Services and Experiences 1637.11.9 Security, Privacy, and Trustworthiness 1637.12 Summary 164References 1658 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 1698.1 Introduction to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 1698.2 Literature Review 1718.3 Energy-Efficient Hardware in Today’s Scenario (with 6G Networks) 1728.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Using 6G Networks 1748.5 Green Communication Technologies with 6G Networks 1758.6 Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer Using 6G Networks 1778.7 Energy Optimization and Management Techniques Using 6G Networks 1798.8 Technical and Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 1808.8.1 Technical Issues and Challenges 1808.8.2 Nontechnical Issues and Challenges 1818.9 Future Research Opportunities Toward Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 1828.10 Summary 184References 1849 Performance Evaluation and Optimization in 6G Networks 1879.1 Introduction to Performance Evaluation and Optimization in 6G Networks 1879.2 Literature Review 1889.3 Channel Modeling and Propagation Characteristics in 6G Networks 1909.4 Performance Metrics and Quality of Service (QoS) in 6G Networks 1929.5 Optimization Algorithms and Techniques for 6G Networks 1939.6 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G Networks-Based Optimization and Performance Evaluation 1959.6.1 Technical Challenges 1959.6.2 Nontechnical Challenges 1969.7 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G Networks-Based Optimization and Performance Evaluation 1969.8 An Open Discussion 1989.9 Summary 199References 20010 Network Planning and Deployment for 6G-Based Systems in Real World 20310.1 Introduction to 6G-Based Systems 20310.1.1 Evolution of Wireless Communication Technologies 20310.1.2 Anticipated Features and Capabilities of 6G 20310.2 Literature Review 20510.3 Network Planning and Dimensioning Strategies Using 6G Networks 20610.4 Deployment of 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 20810.4.1 Telecommunications 20810.4.2 Healthcare 20810.4.3 Manufacturing 20910.4.4 Transportation 20910.4.5 Smart Cities 20910.4.6 Entertainment and Media 20910.4.7 Education 21010.5 Coverage and Capacity Optimization in 6G Networks 21010.5.1 Antenna Technologies 21010.5.2 Spectrum Management 21110.5.3 Small Cell Deployments 21110.5.4 Network Densification 21110.5.5 Network Slicing 21210.5.6 Edge Computing 21210.6 Deployment Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 21210.7 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 21410.7.1 Technical Issues 21410.7.2 Nontechnical Issues 21510.7.3 Legal Issues 21510.8 Important Challenges Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 21610.9 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 21810.10 Summary 220References 22111 Standardization and Regulatory Aspects for 6G-Based Networks and Systems 22511.1 Introduction to 6G-Based Networks Technology and Systems 22511.2 Literature Review 22611.3 Standardization Bodies and Organizations for 6G and 6G-Based Networks 22811.3.1 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 22811.3.2 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 22911.3.3 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 22911.3.4 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 22911.3.5 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 22911.3.6 National Telecommunications and Information Administration (ntia) 22911.3.7 Other Industry Consortia and Forums 23011.4 Spectrum Regulations and Policies for 6G 23011.4.1 Frequency Bands Allocation 23011.4.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access 23011.4.3 Spectrum Auctions and Licensing 23111.4.4 International Coordination 23111.4.5 Spectrum Sharing and Unlicensed Bands 23111.4.6 Security and Interference Mitigation 23111.4.7 Future-Proofing Regulations 23111.5 Global Collaboration and Interoperability for 6G and 6G-Based Networks 23211.5.1 International Standardization Bodies 23211.5.2 Cross-Industry Collaboration 23211.5.3 Open Research and Innovation Platforms 23211.5.4 Interoperability Testing and Certification 23311.5.5 Regulatory Harmonization 23311.5.6 Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing 23311.6 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues for 6G and 6G-Based Networks 23311.6.1 Technical Issues 23411.6.2 Nontechnical Issues 23411.6.3 Legal Issues 23511.7 Important Challenges Toward Implementing 6G and 6G-Based Networks in Real-World Applications 23511.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G and 6G-Based Networks in Real-World Applications 23611.9 Summary 239References 23912 Economic and Business Perspectives of 6G Technology for Modern Society 24312.1 Introduction to Necessity of Economic and Business Perspectives of 6G for Modern Society 24312.2 Literature Review 24412.3 Market Opportunities and Revenue Models Using 6G for Modern Society 24512.4 Business Challenges and Monetization Strategies for 6G-Based Modern Society 24712.5 Industry Collaboration and Partnerships Required for 6G-Based Modern Society 24912.6 An Open Discussion for 6G-Based Modern Society to Achieve Sustainable Goals 25012.7 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing 6G for Business/Economic Reforms for Betterment of Society 25312.7.1 Technical Issues and Challenges 25312.7.2 Nontechnical Issues and Challenges 25312.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G for Business/Economic Reforms for Betterment of Society 25412.9 Summary 256References 25713 Ethical and Social Implications of Using Artificial Intelligence in 6G Networks 26113.1 Introduction to AI-Based 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 26113.2 Literature Review 26213.3 Privacy, Surveillance, and Data Ethics for 6G-Based Systems, and Communication: From Society’s Perspective 26413.4 Socioeconomic Impact and Digital Divide for 6G-Based Systems and Communication 26613.5 Legal and Ethical Issues for Implementing AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication in Next Decade 26713.6 Technical, Nontechnical and Legal Issues Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication in Next Decade 26813.6.1 Technical Issues 26813.6.2 Nontechnical Issues 26913.6.3 Legal Issues 26913.7 Challenges and Open Research Questions AI-Based 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 27013.8 Interference and Coexistence Challenges Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 27013.9 Business Models and Market Challenges with Using of AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 27013.9.1 Business Models 27013.9.2 Market Challenges 27513.10 Future Research Opportunities Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 27613.10.1 AI-Driven Network Optimization 27613.10.2 AI-Enabled Edge Computing 27613.10.3 AI-Driven Security and Privacy 27613.10.4 AI for Dynamic Spectrum Access 27713.10.5 Ethical and Responsible AI Deployment 27713.10.6 AI-Enabled Services and Applications 27713.10.7 Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration 27713.11 Summary 278References 27914 Future Trends and Research Directions for 6G 28314.1 Beyond 6G: Vision for Future Generations 28314.2 Literature Work 28514.3 Emerging Technologies and Innovations for Next-Generation Society with 6G 28614.4 Future Trends Beyond 6G 28814.5 The Future of Wireless Communication 28914.6 Future Potential Beyond 6G Technologies 29114.7 Speculation on 7G and Beyond 29314.8 Open Research Gaps, Technical/Nontechnical Challenges Beyond 6G 29414.9 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues Moving Beyond 6G 29514.9.1 Technical Issues 29614.9.2 Nontechnical Issues 29614.9.3 Legal Issues 29714.10 Important Challenges Toward Beyond 6G 29714.11 Future Research Opportunities Beyond 6G 29914.12 Summary 301References 30115 Evolution of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks: Technology, Barriers, Advancement, and Future 30515.1 Introduction 30515.1.1 Background 30515.1.2 Evolution of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 30615.1.3 Organization of the Work 30815.2 Literature Review 30815.2.1 Overview of Li-Fi, Wi-Fi Technologies, and Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 30915.2.1.1 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Technology 31015.2.1.2 Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 31015.2.2 Existing Research and Technologies Toward Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 31115.2.3 Advantages and Challenges of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 31215.2.3.1 Advantages 31215.2.3.2 Challenges 31315.3 Li-Fi Technology: Definition, Principles, and Transmission Techniques (in Li-Fi) 31315.3.1 Li-Fi Applications and Use Cases in Modern Era 31415.3.2 Current and Future Advancements in Li-Fi Technology 31615.4 Wi-Fi Technology: Definition, Principles, Standards, and Protocols (of Wi-Fi) 31715.4.1 Principles of Wi-Fi 31715.4.2 Wi-Fi Standards and Protocols 31815.4.2.1 Wi-Fi Applications and Use Cases 31815.4.2.2 Current and Future Advancements in Wi-Fi Technology 32115.5 Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks: Introduction 32215.5.1 Integration of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi Technologies 32215.5.2 Benefits and Features of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 32515.5.2.1 Benefits 32515.5.2.2 Features 32615.5.3 Current and Future Advancements in Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 32615.5.3.1 Current Advancements 32715.5.3.2 Future Advancements and Trends 32715.5.4 Simulators Existed for Implementing Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 32815.6 Current Barriers and Challenges Toward Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 32915.7 Future Directions and Research Opportunities Toward Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks 33015.7.1 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks with 5G and Beyond 33215.7.2 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks with Internet of Things (IoT), AI/ML, and Blockchain 33315.7.2.1 Integration with IoT 33315.7.2.2 Integration with AI/ML 33415.7.2.3 Integration with Blockchain 33415.7.2.4 Synergy of Technologies 33415.7.3 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks with Quantum Computing 33515.7.3.1 Quantum-Safe Encryption 33515.7.3.2 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) 33515.7.3.3 Quantum Networking 33615.7.3.4 Quantum Machine Learning 33615.7.3.5 Quantum Sensors 33615.7.3.6 Quantum Computing as a Service 33615.7.3.7 Quantum-Secured Blockchain 33615.7.4 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi–Wi-Fi Networks with Digital Twin 33715.7.4.1 Real-Time Data Feeds 33715.7.4.2 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) 33715.7.4.3 Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 33715.7.4.4 Smart Cities and Infrastructure 33815.7.4.5 Healthcare and Telemedicine 33815.7.4.6 Building Automation and Smart Environments 33815.7.4.7 Education and Training 33815.7.4.8 Retail and Customer Experience 33815.8 Conclusion 339References 33916 6G-Enabled Emerging Technologies for Next-Generation Society: Challenges and Opportunities 34316.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies 34316.1.1 Definition and Overview 34416.1.2 Evolution from 5G to 6G 34516.1.3 Literature Survey 34616.2 Fundamentals of 6G-Enabled Technologies 35216.2.1 Spectrum and Bandwidth Issues 35316.2.2 Massive MIMO and Beamforming 35416.2.2.1 Massive MIMO 35416.2.2.2 Beamforming 35516.2.3 Terahertz (THz) Communication 35616.2.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration 35716.2.5 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability 35816.3 Applications and Use Cases of 6G 35916.3.1 Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) 36116.3.2 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) 36216.3.3 Large Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) 36416.3.4 Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 5.0 36516.3.5 Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR) 36716.3.6 Smart Cities and Autonomous Systems 36816.3.7 Healthcare and Remote Surgery 37016.3.7.1 Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare 37016.3.7.2 Remote Surgery 37116.3.8 Transportation and Intelligent Mobility 37216.3.8.1 Connected and Autonomous Vehicles 37216.3.8.2 Intelligent Mobility and Transportation Optimization 37316.4 Challenges and Issues in 6G Development 37416.4.1 Spectrum Allocation and Regulation 37516.4.2 Network Architecture and Infrastructure 37716.4.3 Security and Privacy 37916.4.4 Interoperability and Standardization 38016.4.5 Ethical and Social Implications 38216.5 Impact of 6G on Various Industries and Sectors 38316.5.1 Communication and Connectivity 38516.5.2 Manufacturing and Industry 38616.5.3 Healthcare and Life Sciences 38816.5.4 Transportation and Logistics 38916.5.5 Entertainment and Media 39116.5.6 Education and Research 39216.6 Analysis and Future Scope for 6G-Enabled Technologies 39416.6.1 Analysis 39416.6.2 Future Scope 39416.6.3 Market Potential and Economic Impact 39516.6.4 Timelines for Deployment and Adoption 39716.6.5 Collaboration and Research Initiatives 39716.6.6 Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues 39816.6.7 Predictions for 6G’s Role in Future Technological Advancements 39916.7 Conclusion 401References 40217 Conclusion 40717.1 Move to a New Era – A Glimpse into 6G 40717.2 Unveiling the Power of 6G – A Leap Toward Hyper-connectivity 40817.3 The Road to 6G – Issues and Challenges 40917.4 Navigating the Road to 6G: Unveiling the Challenges 41017.5 6G: Ushering in a New Era of Business Transformation 41217.5.1 6G: A Gateway to Business Transformation 41217.5.2 Demystifying 6G 41217.5.3 The Business Case for 6G 41217.5.4 Preparing for the 6G Revolution 41317.5.5 6G and Industry 4.0 413References 413Index 417