World Cities and Nation States

Greg Clark is an advisor and mentor for cities, business, and investment. He works with leadership in global cities, global firms, global institutions, and at global gatherings.Greg trained as an Economist, Social and Political Scientist, City & Regional Planner at Cambridge University, UK, Columbia University, NYC, and London School of Economics. Harkness Fellow and author of ten books and numerous reports and papers on cities and business development issues.He has just been awarded the CBE. Tim Moonen is a researcher on the future of cities and globalisation, and currently the Director of Research at The Business of Cities. He has written extensively about global urban financing, long-term strategic planning, and comparative city competitiveness. He has recently authored and co-authored original work on international development bank investment for cities, the future of European cities, and the concept of global fluency as a tool for city and metropolitan leaders.

• Foreword xiiPreface xivSection I Introducing world cities and nation states 11 Introduction: Clash of the centuries? 3Urbanisation and globalisation: The age of world cities 5The future imperatives for world cities 6Nation states in the urban age 6Different models and starting points 9Other inherited factors 11Overview of the book 142 Cities and nation states: The story so far 19The rise of the nation state and the implications for cities 20Nation states and the ‘world cities’ literature 22A return to city‐states? 26Reasons for caution 27The ongoing relevance of the nation state 28Summary 32Section II World cities in tight nations: Unitary systems in transition 333 London: From centralism to negotiated growth management 35London’s historic relationship with central government 38The return to city government and changes in city powers since 2000 40The national system of cities: London and the UK 43Ongoing challenges where London needs help from national government 46Key actors and mechanisms that enable London to make progress with UK central government 51Conclusion 524 Paris: Manufacturing a metropolis amid institutional complexity 54History of Paris’s relationship with national government 57Paris as an established world city 58The national system of cities: Paris and France 61Ongoing challenges where Paris needs help from national government 62Key actors and mechanisms that enable Paris to make progress with the nation state 66Conclusion 675 Seoul: Lessons from de‐centralisation and de‐concentration 68History of Seoul’s relationship with central government 70Adaptation in Seoul’s global age 73The national system of cities: Seoul and Korea 74Ongoing challenges where Seoul needs help from national government 76Key actors and mechanisms that enable Seoul to make progress with the nation state 79Conclusion 796 Tokyo: Shared global aspirations and blunted reforms 81History of Tokyo’s relationship with central government 83Changes in city powers since 2000: What problems have been solved? 85The national system of cities: Tokyo and Japan 88The future agenda for collaboration with national government 89Key actors and mechanisms that enable Tokyo to make progress with the nation state 92Conclusion 93Section III Working remotely: World cities in federal systems 957 Mumbai: The opportunity costs of leadership and co‐ordination failure 97History of Mumbai’s relationship with higher tiers of government 99Incomplete initiatives and aborted reforms in the 21st century 101The national system of cities: Mumbai and India 102Ongoing challenges where Mumbai needs help from national government 104Key actors and mechanisms that enable Mumbai to make progress with the nation state 107Conclusion 1088 New York: Adapting to 'emergency back‐up' federalism 110History of the city and nation state relationship up to 2000 113Evolution of the city's relationship with the federal tier since 9/11 114The national system of cities: New York City and American metros 115Ongoing challenges where New York needs help from national government 116Key actors and mechanisms that enable New York to make progress with the nation state 119Conclusion 1209 São Paulo: The quest for recognition and reform 122History of São Paulo’s relationship with its nation state up to 2000 124Changes in São Paulo’s relationship with higher tiers of government since 2000 125The national system of cities: São Paulo and Brazil 127Ongoing challenges where São Paulo needs help from national government 130Key actors and mechanisms that enable São Paulo to make progress with the nation state 134Conclusion 13410 Toronto: Building capacity to renew the 'city that works' 136History of Toronto’s relationship with the nation state 138Toronto in the 21st century: A mixed record of federal–city relationships 139The national system of cities: Toronto and Canada 143Ongoing challenges where Toronto needs help from national government 144Key actors and mechanisms that enable Toronto to make progress with higher tiers of government 147Conclusion 148Section IV Mixed blessings: City‐states and special status cities 14911 Hong Kong: A laboratory for a globalising nation 151History of Hong Kong’s relationship with Beijing 154Changes in the relationship since the 1997 handover 155The national system of cities: Hong Kong and China 156Hong Kong’s future imperatives and the role of China’s central government 158Key actors and mechanisms that enable Hong Kong to make progress with the nation state 160Conclusion 16212 Moscow: Demand or divergence – the externalities of political centralism 163History of the city and federal government relationship in Moscow 165New approaches in the 21st century 167The national system of cities: Moscow and Russia 169Ongoing opportunities and challenges where Moscow can benefit from national government support 171Key actors and mechanisms that enable Moscow to make progress with the nation state 175Conclusion 17513 Shanghai: Pragmatism in pursuit of global leadership 177History of Shanghai’s relationship with central government 179Reforms and cyclical approaches in the Shanghai–Beijing relationship since 2000 181The national system of cities: Shanghai and China 183Ongoing challenges where Shanghai needs help from national government 185Key actors and mechanisms that enable Shanghai to make progress with the nation state 187Conclusion 18714 Singapore: The opportunities and obstacles of city‐statehood 189Singapore’s government and governance history 191The impacts of Singapore’s unitary government on global city adaptation and success 193The role of key institutions 195Singapore’s future challenges 197Conclusion 199Section V Conclusion: A New Deal for the 21st century? 20115 Adjusting to an age of world cities 203High‐quality infrastructure and connectivity projects 205Step changes to address housing and real estate challenges 206Improvement and expansion of governance in world cities 207Fiscal and investment systems 215Business friendliness and investor readiness 216Investment in research and innovation 217Support for hosting global events 218Open labour markets 219Making practical progress with national governments 220Conclusion 22316 Unintended consequences: Making world cities work for nations 224The advantages and disadvantages of having a world city 225National frameworks to support the wider system of cities 231Collaboration between world cities and other cities in their nations 236World cities into the future 237Conclusion 238References 240Index 277