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This volume surveys the role women have played in various types of business as owners, co-owners and decision-making managers in European and North American societies since the sixteenth century. Drawing on up-to-date scholarship, it identifies the economic, social, legal and cultural factors that have facilitated or restricted women's participation in business. It pays particular attention to the ways in which gender norms, and their evolution, shaped not only those women's experience of business, but the ways they were perceived by contemporaries, documented in sources and, partly as a consequence, viewed by historians.
Beatrice Craig is Professor of History at the University of Ottawa, Canada, where she teaches courses on women's history. Her main area of research is the socio-economic and socio-cultural impacts of the emergence of industrial capitalism on Atlantic societies. Her previous publications include Women, Business and Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Rethinking Separate Spheres (with Robert Beachy and Alastair Owens, 2006).
IntroductionPART I: THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD (16TH TO 18TH CENTURY)1.Context2.Common People: the Crafts3.Common People – Retailers, Street Sellers, Market Stall Holders, Shopkeepers4.Interregional and International Trade and Banking5.Printers and Manufacturers6.The North American (British and French) ColoniesConclusion to Part OnePART II: THE MODERN PERIOD (19TH TO 21ST CENTURY)7.Context8.More of the Same: Lower Middle Class Women in the English Speaking World9.Women and Small Business in Continental Europe10.Women and Large Businesses: Successors and Heiresses11.Women and Large Businesses: Creators and Co-creators12.Female Investors and Bankers – 17th to 19th Century13.Post 1960 Entrepreneurship. A New (American) Female Frontier?Conclusion to Part TwoGeneral Conclusion.