Wastewater Reuse, Volume 1

Kader Gaid is a professor at the University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algeria. He specializes in Environmental Process Engineering and was an expert at the utilities company Veolia in France for over 25 years.

• Chapter 1. Treated Wastewater Reuse: A New Resource 11.1. Observations on the current situation 21.2. Climate change 61.3. Solutions to reduce water stress 71.3.1. Direct and indirect reuse 81.4. The various purposes of reuse 121.5. Adapting to the local context 131.6. Policies and institutions to support reuse 141.7. Glossary 151.8. References 16Chapter 2. Characterization of Treated Wastewater 192.1. Main parameters defining the quality of treated wastewater 192.1.1. Indicators of organic matter: biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon 212.1.2. Suspended solids 252.1.3. Nitrogen 262.1.4. Phosphorus 272.1.5. Pesticides and endocrine disruptors 282.2. Microbiological aspects 332.2.1. Bacteria 352.2.2. Enteric viruses 372.2.3. Enteric protozoa 382.2.4. Helminth eggs 382.2.5. Fecal contamination indicators 402.3. References 45Chapter 3. Applications and Uses of Reused Water 493.1. The different uses 543.1.1. Agriculture 543.1.2. Reuse in industry 673.1.3. Groundwater recharge 693.1.4. Recreational and environmental areas 713.1.5. Urban non-food uses 723.1.6. Drinking water 743.2. References 75Chapter 4. Regulations 854.1. Regulations, state of the art and future challenges of municipal wastewater treatment and water reuse 854.2. Regulations for treated wastewater reuse in France 874.2.1. Application to irrigation 894.3. European Directive 954.3.1. Minimum requirements applicable to reclaimed water intended for agricultural irrigation 974.4. World Health Organization 1004.4.1. Objectives of pathogen reduction for the different irrigation types 1034.4.2. Monitoring/verification 1084.5. Regulation on treated wastewater reuse in the United States 1084.6. Regulation on water reuse in China 1124.7. Australia 1134.8. Mediterranean countries and the Middle East 1154.9. Conclusion 1164.10. References 121Chapter 5. Treated Wastewater Reuse Planning 1275.1. Project objectives and limitations 1275.1.1. Preliminary investigations 1285.1.2. Selection of potential markets 1285.1.3. Assessment of alternatives 1295.1.4. Awareness and education 1305.1.5. Importance of terminology 1315.1.6. Economic and legal aspects 1315.2. References 132Chapter 6. Treatment Technologies 1336.1. Use of raw wastewater 1356.2. Bases of the treatment process concept 1366.3. References 139Chapter 7. Tertiary Filtration 1417.1. Gravity filtration without reagents 1427.1.1. Rapid filters and high-rate filters (HRF) 1427.1.2. Dual-media filters 1447.1.3. Pressure filters 1467.2. Gravity filtration with reagents 1477.3. Filtration mechanisms. 1487.4. Implementation parameters 1507.4.1. Media 1507.4.2. Media height ratio/d10 1577.4.3. Effective size ratio 1587.5. Size parameters: filtration rate and media height 1597.5.1. Filter depth modelling 1607.6. Operating parameters 1627.6.1. Pressure drop in a clean filter 1627.6.2. Retention capacity 1657.6.3. Filter backwashing conditions 1687.7. Filtration technologies 1787.7.1. Conventional single-layer filters 1807.7.2. High-rate filters 1827.7.3. Example of tertiary filtration design on single-media filter 1877.7.4. Dual-media filters 1887.7.5. Filters under pressure 1947.7.6. Performances of gravity filters 1967.8. Mobile material filters 1977.9. Rotary drum filters 1987.9.1. Hydrotech filter characteristics 2007.10. References 202Chapter 8. Disinfection 2078.1. Microorganisms present in treated wastewater 2078.1.1. Bacteria 2088.1.2. Viruses 2108.1.3. Parasites 2118.2. General rules of chemical disinfection 2128.2.1. Mode of action of chemical disinfectants in treated wastewater 2128.2.2. Reduction principle of the number of germs - "Log" units 2148.3. Factors influencing the effectiveness of chemical disinfection 2178.3.1. Turbidity 2188.3.2. Presence of oxidizable matter 2188.3.3. Injection mode and point 2188.3.4. Design of the contact tank 2198.4. Qualities of a good disinfectant 2198.5. The main techniques of wastewater chemical disinfection 2208.5.1. Chlorine disinfection 2208.5.2. Chlorine dioxide disinfection 2438.5.3. Chloramination 2538.6. Disinfection with ozone 2638.6.1. General information on ozone 2648.6.2. Preparation and implementation of ozone 2658.6.3. Transfer of ozone in water to be treated 2668.6.4. Performance of disinfection with ozone. 2688.7. Organic peracids: performic acid and peracetic acid 2718.7.1. Production organic peracids 2718.7.2. Disinfection and oxidation mechanisms of organic peracids 2728.7.3. Performic acid 2748.7.4. Peracetic acid 2768.7.5. Degradation kinetics of peracids 2768.7.6. Primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater applications 2788.8. UV disinfection 2818.8.1. General information on UV radiation 2818.8.2. Inactivation mechanisms 2828.8.3. Lethal dose and inactivation kinetics 2848.8.4. Implementation 2868.8.5. Sizing parameters 2908.8.6. Factors influencing UV treatment efficiency 2918.8.7. Performance 2958.8.8. UV disinfection advantages and disadvantages in wastewater 3008.9. Criteria for selecting a disinfection technique 3028.10. References 304Index 313