Waste Crisis

Sahadat Hossain is Director, Solid Waste Institute for Sustainability, and Professor, Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Arlington, USA. He has over 20 years of experience in sustainable waste management, reuse of recycling materials, landfill gas to energy, and landfill mining. H. James Law is Vice President and Project Director of SCS Engineers, USA and ISWA Board Member and Chair of the Working Group on Landfill headquartered in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He has over 36 years of professional experience in geotechnical engineering and solid waste management, landfill design, cell construction, final closure and remediation. Araya Asfaw is managing partner of Sustainability Advisory Group, a private limited company registered in Ethiopia, advising government and non-government organizations and the private sector on sustainability and resiliency. He was Dean of the Faculty of Science at the Addis Ababa University.

• Preface ixSeries Preface xvAcknowledgments xviiChapter 1: Introduction 1References 12Chapter 2: Current Waste Management Practices 132.1 Urbanization and Waste Generation 132.2 Waste Collection 202.2.1 Why Waste Collection is Low in Developing Countries 232.2.1.1 Waste Collection Flow 232.2.1.2 Waste Collection Vehicles and Their Capacity 252.2.1.3 Traffic Situation in Developing Countries 292.2.1.4 Trained Waste Collection Workers 302.2.1.5 Lack of Social Awareness and Illegal Dumping 312.2.1.6 Absence of Regulations and/or Lack of Interest in Implementing Them 322.2.2 Consequences of Having Lower Waste Collection and Associated Open Dumping 322.2.2.1 Polluted Water Channels/Lakes/Rivers/Oceans 332.2.2.2 Flash Flooding During Rainy Seasons 342.2.2.3 Serious Health Hazards 352.3 Processing and Final Disposal 362.3.1 Problems with Landfilling in Both Developed and Developing Countries 392.3.2 Problems with Open Dumping – Only in Developing Countries 432.3.2.1 Water Pollution 432.3.2.2 Air Pollution 452.3.2.3 Safety and Operation 472.4 Composting 562.5 Recycling 562.6 Waste-to-Energy (WTE) 592.6.1 Case Study: Reppie Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Plant in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 612.7 Summary of Current Challenges of Waste Management in Developing Countries 66References 66Chapter 3: Case Studies – SWIS Winter School Ambassadors 693.1. Bangladesh 713.1.1. Introduction 713.1.2. Collection 713.1.3. Processing and Recycling 723.1.4. Final Disposal 743.1.5. Major Problems 743.2 Brazil 783.2.1 Introduction 783.2.2 Collection 793.2.3 Processing and Recycling 793.2.4 Final Disposal 803.2.5 Major Problems 813.3 Colombia 843.3.1 Introduction 843.3.2 Collection 843.3.3 Processing and Recycling 853.3.4 Final Disposal 863.3.5 Major Problems 863.4 Ethiopia 893.4.1 Introduction 903.4.2 Collection 903.4.3 Processing and Recycling 933.4.4 Final Disposal 943.4.5 Major Problems 953.5 Georgia 993.5.1 Introduction 993.5.2 Collection 1003.5.3 Processing and Recycling 1003.5.4 Final Disposal 1013.5.5 Major Problems 1023.6 India 1053.6.1 Introduction 1063.6.2 Collection 1063.6.2.1 Collection and Processing of Wastes 1063.6.3 Processing and Recycling 1073.6.4 Final Disposal 1083.6.5 Major Problems 1093.7 Lebanon 1123.7.1 Introduction 1123.7.2 Collection 1133.7.3 Processing and Recycling 1133.7.4 Final Disposal 1153.7.5 Major Problems 1163.8 Mexico 1183.8.1 Introduction 1183.8.2 Collection 1203.8.3 Processing and Recycling 1213.8.4 Final Disposal 1223.8.5 Major Problems 1243.9 Pakistan 1273.9.1 Introduction 1273.9.2 Collection 1283.9.3 Processing and Recycling 1293.9.4 Final Disposal 1333.9.5 Major Problems 1353.10 Portugal 1393.10.1 Introduction 1393.10.2 Collection 1403.10.3 Processing and Recycling 1403.10.4 Final Disposal 1413.10.5 Major Problems 1413.11 Serbia 1453.11.1 Introduction 1463.11.2 Collection 1463.11.3 Processing and Recycling 1473.11.4 Final Disposal 1473.11.5 Major Problems 1493.12 UAE 1513.12.1 Introduction 1523.12.2 Collection 1523.12.3 Processing and Recycling 1543.12.4 Final Disposal 1553.12.5 Major Problems 1563.13 Vietnam 1583.13.1 Introduction 1583.13.2 Collection 1593.13.3 Processing and Recycling 1603.13.4 Final Disposal 1603.13.5 Major Problems 1603.14 Summary 165References 166Chapter 4: Future Directions 1734.1 Material Flow in Sustainable Waste Management System 1804.2 Part A: Sustainable Waste Management Framework – Waste Collection 1804.2.1 Creating Social Awareness of Importance of Waste Collection and Management 1824.2.2 Mixed Waste vs. Source Separated Waste 1844.2.3 Collection Vehicles 1854.2.4 Creation of Different Zonings for City Waste Collection 1864.2.5 Collection Time and Frequency 1874.2.6 Training and Creating Skilled Manpower 1874.3 Part B: Sustainable Waste Management Framework: Waste Processing and Recycling 1884.3.1 Material Recovery Facility (MRF) 1884.3.1.1 Immediate Impact of China Ban 1904.3.2 The Impact of COVID-19 on Plastic Waste 1924.3.2.1 Generation and Classification of COVID-19 Waste 1934.3.2.2 Issues Pertaining to the Littering of COVID-19 Waste and their Consequences 1984.3.3 Characteristics of Waste during COVID-19 (April to December 2020) (Aurpa 2021) 2004.3.3.1 Characteristics of MSW 2004.3.3.2 Plastic Waste Characterization 2004.3.3.3 The Implication of Plastic Waste Increase on Landfill Life 2024.3.4 Reuse of Plastic Waste in Engineering Applications 2034.3.4.1 Case Study I – The Use of Recycled Plastics Pins (RPPs) for Highway Slope Stabilization 2044.3.4.2 Case Study II: Plastic Road 2114.3.5 Reuse of Recycled Food Waste: Composting 2184.4 Part C: Sustainable Waste Management Framework – Disposal/Final Destination 2224.4.1 Anaerobic Digester 2224.4.1.1 UTA Research on Gas Production (Latif 2021) 2284.4.2 Temporary Disposal (Biocell) 2324.4.2.1 UTA Research on Gas Production: Laboratory-Scale Simulated Biocell Study 2364.4.2.2 UTA Research on Gas Production: UTA Field-Scale Biocell Operation (Rahman 2018) 2454.4.3 Landfill Mining of Biocell Operation 2564.4.3.1 Feasibility Study of Landfill Mining in Texas 2584.4.3.2 Case 1 –City of Denton Landfill in Texas, USA 2594.4.3.3 Case 2 – City of Irving Landfill in Texas, USA 2714.4.3.4 Reuse of Mined Biocell Materials 2844.4.4 Waste-to-Energy as a Final Disposal Option 2844.4.4.1 Sample Calculation 2864.4.4.2 Lower Calorific Value of Overall Waste Mass 2864.5 SMART Facilities Challenges and Opportunities – The Case of Ethiopia 2884.5.1 Ethiopia Country Profile 2894.5.2 SMART Facility in Ethiopia 2914.6 Training and Human Capacity Building 2944.6.1 Inception of Solid Waste Institute for Sustainability (SWIS) 2954.6.2 Training and Educating Solid Waste Professionals – ISWA-SWIS Winter School 2016 2974.6.2.1 Program Objectives 2984.6.2.2 Planned Program Activities to Achieve Goals 2994.6.2.3 Program Response 3024.6.2.4 Future Continuation of the Program 304References 306Chapter 5: Decision Making for Sustainable Waste Management Systems 3135.1 Small City – Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 3155.1.1 Waste Characteristics 3165.1.2 Existing Waste Management Practices and Problems for Decision Making 3165.1.3 Proposed Sustainable Waste/Resource Management Approach 3185.2 Medium City – Guwahati, India 3215.2.1 Waste Characteristics 3225.2.2 Existing Waste Management Practices and Problems for Decision Making 3235.2.3 Proposed Sustainable Waste/Resource Management Approach 3245.3 Large City – Bogotá, Colombia 3275.3.1 Waste Characteristics 3285.3.2 Existing Waste Management Practices and Problems for Decision Making 3295.3.3 Proposed Sustainable Waste/Resource Management Approach 330References 335Chapter 6: Summary 337Index 343