Understanding Motivation and Emotion

Häftad, Engelska, 2018

Av Johnmarshall Reeve, Johnmarshall (University of Iowa) Reeve

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The past ten years have seen an explosion of useful research surrounding human motivation and emotion; new insights allow researchers to answer the perennial questions, including "What do people want?" and "Why do they want what they want?" By delving into the roots of motivation, the emotional processes at work, and the impacts on learning, performance, and well-being, the seventh edition of Understanding Motivation and Emotion provides a toolbox of practical interventions and approaches for use in a wide variety of settings.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2018-02-23
Mått203 x 254 x 22 mm
Vikt992 g
FormatHäftad
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor560
Upplaga7
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781119510260

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Psykologi inom Psykologi och pedagogik

PrefaceChapter 1 Introduction What Is Motivation? Why Is It Important?Motivational ScienceTwo Perennial QuestionsWhat Causes Behavior?Why Does Behavior Vary in Its Intensity?Subject MatterInternal MotivesExternal Events and Social ContextsMotivation versus InfluenceExpressions of MotivationBehaviorEngagementPsychophysiologyBrain ActivationsSelf-ReportFramework to Understand Motivation and EmotionTen Unifying ThemesMotivation and Emotion Benefit Adaptation and FunctioningMotivation and Emotion Direct AttentionMotivation and Emotion Are “Intervening Variables”Motives Vary Over Time and Contribute into the Ongoing Stream of BehaviorTypes of Motivations ExistWe Are Not Always Consciously Aware of the Motivational Basis of Our BehaviorMotivation Study Reveals What People WantTo Flourish, Motivation Needs Supportive ConditionsWhen Trying to Motivate Others, What Is Easy to Do Is Rarely What WorksThere Is Nothing So Practical as a Good TheorySummaryChapter 2 Motivation and Emotion in Historical Perspective Philosophical Origins of Motivational ConceptsGrand TheoriesWillInstinctDriveRise of the Mini-TheoriesActive Nature of the PersonCognitive RevolutionSocially Relevant QuestionsContemporary EraThe 1990s Reemergence of Motivation StudyBrief History of Emotion StudyConclusionSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 3 The Motivated and Emotional Brain Motivation, Emotion, and NeuroscienceDay-to-Day Events Activate Specific Brain StructuresActivated Brain Structures Generate Specific Motivations and EmotionsNeural Basis of Motivation and EmotionCortical BrainSubcortical BrainBidirectional CommunicationIndividual Brain Structures Involved in Motivation and EmotionSubcortical Brain StructuresCortical Brain StructuresHormonesSummaryReadings for Further StudyPart I Needs Chapter 4 Physiological Needs NeedThree Types of NeedsFundamentals of RegulationPhysiological NeedPsychological DriveHomeostasisNegative FeedbackMultiple Inputs/Multiple OutputsIntraorganismic MechanismsExtraorganismic MechanismsHomeostatic MechanismThirstPhysiological RegulationEnvironmental InfluencesHungerShort-Term AppetiteLong-Term Energy BalanceEnvironmental InfluencesSelf-Regulatory InfluencesWeight Gain and ObesityComprehensive Model of HungerSexPhysiological RegulationFacial MetricsSexual ScriptsSexual OrientationEvolutionary Basis of Sexual MotivationSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 5 Extrinsic Motivation and Internalization Extrinsic MotivationIncentives and ConsequencesIncentivesReinforcersManaging BehaviorConsequencesHidden Costs of RewardIntrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Motivation versus Extrinsic MotivationExpected and Tangible RewardsImplicationsBenefits of Extrinsic MotivationCognitive Evaluation TheoryTwo Examples of Controlling and Informational EventsTypes of Extrinsic MotivationExternal RegulationIntrojected RegulationIdentified RegulationIntegrated RegulationInternalization and IntegrationMotivating Others on Uninteresting ActivitiesAmotivationSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 6 Psychological Needs Psychological NeedsOrganismic Psychological NeedsBenefits of Need SatisfactionNeed FrustrationAutonomySupporting AutonomyThe Conundrum of ChoiceBenefits from Autonomy SupportGiving and Receiving Autonomy SupportCompetenceOptimal ChallengeFlowStructureFailure ToleranceRelatednessInvolving RelatednessSatisfying RelatednessSupporting RelatednessCommunal and Exchange RelationshipsBenefits from Relatedness Need SatisfactionPutting it All Together: Relationships and Social Contexts that Support Psychological NeedSatisfactionEngagementWhat Makes for a Good Day?VitalitySummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 7 Implicit Motives Implicit MotivesAcquired NeedsSocial NeedsHow Implicit Motives, as Acquired Psychological Needs, Motivate BehaviorAchievementOrigins of the Need for AchievementAtkinson’s ModelAchievement for the FutureDynamics-of-Action ModelConditions That Involve and Satisfy the Need for AchievementAffiliationDuality of Affiliation MotivationConditions That Involve the Affiliation and Intimacy DualityConditions That Satisfy the Affiliation NeedPowerConditions That Involve and Satisfy the Need for PowerGoal Pursuit and Perspective TakingIs the Implicit Power Motive Bad?Leadership Motive PatternCompassionate Leadership ProfileFour Additional Social NeedsSummaryReadings for Further StudyPart II Cognitions Chapter 8 Goal Setting and Goal Striving Cognitive Springs to ActionPlansCorrective MotivationDiscrepancyDiscrepancy, Emotions, and FeelingsTwo Types of DiscrepancyGoal SettingGoal–Performance DiscrepancyDifficult, Specific, and Congruent Goals Enhance PerformanceFeedbackCriticismsLong-Term Goal SettingFrom Where Do Goals Come?Goal StrivingMental SimulationsImplementation IntentionsGoal DisengagementSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 9 Mindsets MindsetMindset 1: Deliberative–ImplementalDeliberative MindsetImplemental MindsetDownstream Consequences of the Deliberative and Implemental MindsetsMindset 2: Promotion–PreventionPromotion MindsetPrevention MindsetDifferent Definitions of Success and FailureDifferent Goal-Striving StrategiesIdeal Self-Guides and Ought Self-GuidesRegulatory Fit Predicts Strength of Motivation and Well-BeingMindset 3: Growth-FixedFixed MindsetGrowth MindsetMeaning of EffortOrigins of Fixed-Growth MindsetsDifferent Fixed-Growth Mindsets Lead to Different Achievement GoalsAchievement GoalsCognitive DissonanceDissonance-Arousing SituationsMotivational Processes Underlying Cognitive DissonanceSelf-Perception TheorySummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 10 Personal Control Beliefs Motivation to Exercise Personal ControlTwo Kinds of ExpectancyPerceived Control: Self, Action, and ControlCoping with FailureSelf-EfficacySources of Self-EfficacySelf-Efficacy Effects on BehaviorEmpowermentEmpowering People: Mastery Modeling ProgramMastery BeliefsWays of CopingMastery versus HelplessnessLearned HelplessnessLearning HelplessnessApplication to HumansComponentsHelplessness EffectsHelplessness and DepressionAttributions and Explanatory StyleReactance TheoryExpectancy–Value ModelValueValue InterventionsSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 11 The Self and Its Strivings Two Views of SelfSelf-as-ObjectSelf-as-AgentThe Problem with Self-EsteemSelf-ConceptSelf-SchemasMotivational Properties of Self-SchemasConsistent SelfSelf-Verification versus Self-Concept ChangeWhy People Self-VerifyPossible SelvesIdentityRolesConnections to Social GroupsSituations Make Specific Identities SalientAgencySelf as Action and Development from WithinTrue Self?Self-ConcordanceIntrinsic Goals and Extrinsic GoalsSelf-RegulationForethought through ReflectionDeveloping More Competent Self-RegulationSelf-ControlIs the Capacity to Exert Self-Control Beneficial to a Successful Life?SummaryReadings for Further StudyPart III Emotions Chapter 12 Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions Six Perennial QuestionsWhat is an Emotion?DefinitionRelation between Emotion and MotivationWhat Causes an Emotion?Two-Systems ViewChicken-and-EggWhat Ends an Emotion?How Many Emotions are There?Biological PerspectiveCognitive PerspectiveReconciliation of the Numbers IssueWhat Good are the Emotions?Coping FunctionsSocial FunctionsWhy We Have EmotionsCan We Control Our Emotions?Emotion Regulation StrategiesWhat is the Difference Between Emotion and Mood?Everyday MoodPositive AffectSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 13 Aspects of Emotion Biological Aspects of EmotionJames–Lange TheoryContemporary PerspectiveBrain Activity Activates Individual EmotionsFacial Feedback HypothesisCognitive Aspects of EmotionAppraisalComplex AppraisalAppraisal as a ProcessEmotion DifferentiationEmotion KnowledgeAttributionsEmotions Affect CognitionSocial Aspects of EmotionSocial InteractionSocial Sharing of EmotionSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 14 Individual Emotions Basic EmotionsFearAngerDisgustContemptSadnessEmotional Preparation for Threat and HarmJoyInterestEmotional Preparation for Motive Involvement and SatisfactionSelf-Conscious EmotionsShameGuiltEmbarrassmentPrideTriumphInterrelations among Shame, Guilt, Embarrassment, Pride, and HubrisCognitively Complex EmotionsEnvyGratitudeDisappointment and RegretHopeSchadenfreudeEmpathyCompassionSummaryReadings for Further StudyPart IV Applied Concerns Chapter 15 Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology Holism and Positive PsychologyHolismPositive PsychologySelf-ActualizationHierarchy of Human NeedsEncouraging GrowthActualizing TendencyOrganismic Valuing ProcessEmergence of the SelfConditions of WorthConditional Regard as a Socialization StrategyFully Functioning IndividualOrganismic IntegrationHumanistic Motivational PhenomenaCausality OrientationsGrowth-Seeking versus Validation SeekingRelationshipsFreedom to LearnSelf-Definition and Social DefinitionProblem of EvilPositive PsychologyHappiness and Well-BeingEudaimonic Well-BeingOptimismMeaningPositivityMindfulnessInterventionsCultivating HopeCultivating CompassionCriticismsSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 16 Unconscious Motivation Psychodynamic PerspectivePsychoanalytic Becomes PsychodynamicDual-Instinct TheoryDo the Id and Ego Actually Exist?Contemporary Psychodynamic TheoryThe UnconsciousFreudian UnconsciousAdaptive UnconsciousImplicit MotivationPrimingPsychodynamicsRepressionSuppressionTerror Management TheoryEgo PsychologyEgo DevelopmentEgo DefenseEgo EffectanceObject Relations TheoryCriticismsSummaryReadings for Further StudyChapter 17 Interventions Applying Principles of Motivation and EmotionExplaining Motivation and EmotionPredicting Motivation and EmotionSolving Motivational and Emotional ProblemsPractice ProblemsThree State-of-the-Art InterventionsPrefaceIntervention 1: Satisfying Psychological NeedsIntervention 2: Increasing a Growth MindsetIntervention 3: Promoting Emotion KnowledgeWisdom Gained from a Scientific Study of Motivation and EmotionReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index