TV White Space

Ser Wah Oh is the Head of the White Space Communications Department at the Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore. He is also the co-founder and co-chair of the Singapore White Spaces Pilot Group, co-chair of Singapore TVWS Task Force, and member of Singapore Telecom Standards Advisory Committee. He previously led a team to contribute to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) TVWS field trial in 2008 that helped to shape the TVWS landscape today.Yugang Ma is a Senior Scientist and the Group Leader for White Space Research in the White Space Communications Department at I2R. His research areas cover CDMA, OFDM, UWB, mmWave, TVWS systems, synchronization, interference suppression, positioning, and antenna technologies. Dr. Ma was a Distinguished Engineer of Sony Corporation and has won 8 patent invention awards of Sony Electronics. He is also a member of Singapore TVWS Task Force.Ming-Hung Tao is a Research Scientist in the White Space Communications Department at I2R. Before joining I2R, he was an Assistant Manager at Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Taiwan. He is an experienced delegate in IEEE (WiMAX) and 3GPP (RAN2) standard meetings. He also has rich experience on developing MAC and network protocols for various wireless technologies including LTE, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and TV White Space.Edward Peh was a Research Scientist in the White Space Communications Department at I2R. He is now working with the Centre for Strategic Infocomm Technologies, Singapore.

• Preface xi Abbreviations xiii1. Introduction to Cognitive Radio and Television White Space 11.1 Spectrum Survey 31.2 Spectrum Harmonization 31.3 National Broadband Plan 71.3.1 The United States 81.3.2 Canada 81.3.3 The European Union 91.3.4 The United Kingdom 91.3.5 Japan 91.3.6 South Korea 101.3.7 Singapore 101.3.8 Australia 111.4 Cognitive Radio 111.5 Television White Space 131.5.1 TVWS Regulation 151.5.2 Standardization 161.5.3 Potential Applications 171.5.4 Technologies 181.5.5 Moving Forward 191.5.6 Features of TVWS 201.6 Summary 20References 212. Regulations 232.1 North America 242.1.1 The United States of America: FCC 242.1.2 Canada: Industry Canada 362.2 Europe 422.2.1 The United Kingdom: Ofcom 422.2.2 Europe: CEPT 492.3 Asia Pacific 522.3.1 Singapore, IDA 522.3.2 New Zealand, Radio Spectrum Management 532.4 Regulation Comparison 532.4.1 TVWS Frequency Range 532.4.2 Number of Channels 552.4.3 Channel Bandwidth 562.4.4 Types of Devices 562.4.5 In-Channel and OOB Power Limits 562.4.6 WSDB Requirements 58References 583. Standardizations 613.1 IEEE 802.19.1 623.1.1 Introduction 623.1.2 System Architecture 623.1.3 Entities Operations 643.1.4 Coexistence Mechanisms and Algorithms 663.2 IEEE 802.22 703.2.1 Introduction 703.2.2 Cognitive Radio Capability 723.2.3 MAC Sublayer 763.2.4 Physical Layer 783.3 IEEE 802.11AF 783.3.1 Introduction 783.3.2 Operating Mechanisms for TVWS 803.3.3 MAC Sublayer 823.3.4 Physical Layer 833.4 IEEE 802.15.4M 853.4.1 Introduction 853.4.2 MAC Sublayer 883.4.3 Physical Layer 923.5 IETF Protocol to Access White Spaces 96References 974. TVWS Technology 994.1 Physical Layer 1004.1.1 TVWS Antenna 1014.1.2 Spectrum Identification 1074.1.3 Channel Aggregation 1124.1.4 Out-Of-Band Leakage Control 1134.1.5 Positioning 1154.2 Medium Access Control Layer 1174.2.1 Secondary User Networks Coexistence Based on IPM 1194.2.2 Dynamic Spectrum Assignment 1234.3 Network Layer 1284.4 Application Layer 1334.4.1 Enhanced WSDB 1344.4.2 REM Through WSD Networks 1464.5 White Space Devices 1524.5.1 KTS Wireless AWR 1544.5.2 6Harmonics Core Adaptive Radio 1554.5.3 Carlson’s RuralConnect WSD 1554.5.4 WSD From Singapore Power Automation and I2R 1574.5.5 Adaptrum ACRS 1584.5.6 Redline RTG Connect-IWS 1594.5.7 MELD F-Class 1604.5.8 Others 1614.6 Summary 161References 1625. Worldwide Deployment 1655.1 North America 1675.1.1 The United States 1685.1.2 Canada 1735.2 Europe 1745.2.1 The United Kingdom 1745.3 Asia 1805.3.1 Bhutan 1805.3.2 The Philippines 1815.3.3 Japan 1845.3.4 Taiwan 1855.3.5 Singapore 1865.3.6 Indonesia 1895.3.7 Hong Kong 1905.4 Africa 1925.4.1 Botswana 1935.4.2 Namibia 1935.4.3 Ghana 1935.4.4 South Africa 1945.4.5 Malawi 1955.4.6 Tanzania 1955.4.7 Kenya 1965.5 The Rest of the World 1965.5.1 Uruguay 1965.5.2 New Zealand 196References 1976. Commercial and Market Potential 1996.1 Introduction 1996.2 Spectrum Trading and Management 2076.2.1 Primary Users’ Incentives to Share the Spectrum 2096.2.2 Secondary Users’ Incentives to Buy the Spectrum 2096.2.3 Case Study: High Priority Channel in Singapore’s TV White Space Regulation 2106.3 Potential Application Scenarios 2106.3.1 Wi-Fi with Cognitive Access to TV White Space 2106.3.2 UMTS and LTE Extension over TV White Space 2126.3.3 Digital Video Broadcasting for Handhelds (DVB-H) with Cognitive Access to TVWS 2146.3.4 M2M Communications 2156.3.5 Smart City Deployments and Applications 2166.3.6 Agricultural Automation 2176.3.7 Public Safety with Cognitive Access to TVWS 2186.3.8 PMSE with Cognitive Access to TVWS 2196.4 Summary 219References 2197. Future Development 2217.1 Regulation 2217.1.1 Citizens Broadband Radio Service (3.5 GHz) 2237.1.2 Spectrum Refarming and Trading 2237.1.3 Sharing in Licensed Bands 2247.1.4 Spectrum Sharing for IoT 2257.2 Technologies 2257.2.1 Spectrum Sensing 2267.2.2 WSDB 2277.2.3 Antenna 2297.2.4 Related Technologies 2297.2.5 Privacy and Enforcement 2327.3 Applications and Business Model 2337.4 Summary 233References 234Appendix A. Dynamic Spectrum Alliance Model White Spaces Rules 235A.1 Generalized Description of Propagation Model 246A.1.1 Introduction 246A.1.2 The Longley–Rice Algorithm 247A.2 Longley–Rice Parameters for TV Broadcast Field Strength Calculations 261A.2.1 Introduction 261A.2.2 Model Parameters 262A.2.3 Path Calculations 265A.2.4 Summary 266A.3 Calculation of Available TV White Space Frequencies and Power Limits 266A.3.1 Introduction 266A.3.2 Definitions 266A.3.3 Calculations 273A.4 Information Regarding ITU-R P-1812 278A.4.1 Introduction 278Appendix B. Performance of SEA 281Appendix C. Self-Positioning Based on DVB-T2 Signals 285C.1 DVB-T2-Based Positioning 285C.1.1 Threshold-Based Timing Estimation Approach 287C.1.2 Iterative Timing Estimation Approach 289Appendix D. Algorithm for Dynamic Spectrum Assignment 297D.1 System Model 297D.2 Problem Formulation and Optimal Spectrum Assignment Policy 298Appendix E. Calculation for Area-Based WSDB 301E.1 Method 1: Channel Availability for an Area Based on Center Location and Radius 301E.1.1 M1-Scheme 1-Step 1: Checking the Center Location and Radius 301E.1.2 M1-Scheme 1-Step 2 (Optional): Finding a Subset of PU Keep-Out Contour Coordinates 302E.1.3 M1-Scheme 1-Step 3: Determine the Area of Circle Is Outside of PU Keep-Out Area 303E.1.4 M1-Scheme 2-Step 1: Checking the Center Location and Radius 306E.1.5 M1-Scheme 2-Step 2: Determine a Set of Location Check Points 307E.1.6 M1-Scheme 2-Step 3: Determine If All the LCPs Are Outside of the PU Keep-Out Contour 307E.2 Method 2: Channel Availability for an Arbitrary Area Bounded by a Series of Location Information 308E.2.1 M2-Scheme 1 309E.2.2 M2-Scheme 2 310Appendix F. Embedded Broadcast WSDB 313F.1 Teletext-Based Broadcast WSDB 313F.2 DVB- or HBB-Based Broadcast WSDB 313F.3 DAB- or HD Radio-Based Broadcast WSDB 315Appendix G. Revenue Maximization of WSDB-Q 317G.1 Maximizing Revenue of WSDB Provider 317Index 321