Toward 6G

AMIN EBRAHIMZADEH, PHD, is a Horizon Post-Doctoral Fellow at Concordia University, Montréal, Québec. He was awarded the Best Doctoral Thesis Prize from the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique in Montréal, Québec. MARTIN MAIER, PHD, is a Full Professor at the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique in Montréal, Québec. He received the Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Research Award and was named one of the three most promising scientists in the category "Contribution to a better society" of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Prize Award.

• Author Biographies xiForeword xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgments xviiAcronyms xix1 The 6G Vision 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Evolution of Mobile Networks and Internet 31.3 6G Network Architectures and Key Enabling Technologies 61.3.1 Four-Tier Networks: Space-Air-Ground-Underwater 61.3.2 Key Enabling Technologies 71.3.2.1 Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Communications 71.3.2.2 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces 81.3.2.3 From Network Softwarization to Network Intelligentization 91.4 Toward 6G: A New Era of Convergence 111.5 Scope and Outline of Book 131.5.1 Scope 131.5.2 Outline 142 Immersive Tactile Internet Experiences via Edge Intelligence 192.1 Introduction 192.2 The Tactile Internet: Automation or Augmentation of the Human? 262.3 Haptic Traffic Characterization 322.3.1 Teleoperation Experiments 332.3.1.1 6-DoF Teleoperation without Deadband Coding 332.3.1.2 1-DoF Teleoperation with Deadband Coding 332.3.1.3 Packetization 332.3.2 Packet Interarrival Times 342.3.3 Sample Autocorrelation 392.4 FiWi Access Networks: Revisited for Clouds and Cloudlets 412.4.1 FiWi: EPON and WLAN 422.4.2 C-RAN: Cloud vs. Cloudlet 452.4.3 Low-Latency FiWi Enhanced LTE-A HetNets 452.5 Delay Analysis 482.5.1 Assumptions 482.5.2 Local Teleoperation 482.5.3 Nonlocal Teleoperation 532.6 Edge Sample Forecast 542.7 Results 582.8 Conclusions 633 Context- and Self-Awareness for Human-Agent-Robot Task Coordination 653.1 Introduction 653.2 System Model 673.2.1 Network Architecture 673.2.2 Energy and Motion Models of Mobile Robots 693.3 Context-Aware Multirobot Task Coordination 713.3.1 Illustrative Case Study 713.3.2 Problem Formulation 723.3.3 The Proposed Algorithm 763.4 Self-Aware Optimal Motion Planning 773.5 Delay and Reliability Analysis 813.5.1 Delay Analysis 813.5.1.1 Transmission Delay from MU to OLT 833.5.1.2 Transmission Delay from OLT to MR 843.5.1.3 End-to-End Delay from MR to MU 843.5.2 Reliability Analysis 843.6 Results 863.7 Conclusion 934 Delay-Constrained Teleoperation Task Scheduling and Assignment 954.1 Introduction 954.2 System Model and Network Architecture 974.3 Problem Statement 994.3.1 Problem Formulation 994.3.2 Model Scalability 1024.4 Algorithmic Solution 1034.4.1 Illustrative Case Study 1034.4.2 Proposed Task Coordination Algorithm 1044.4.3 Complexity Analysis 1064.5 Delay Analysis 1064.5.1 Local Teleoperation 1084.5.2 Nonlocal Teleoperation 1094.6 Results 1094.7 Discussion 1184.8 Conclusion 1185 Cooperative Computation Offloading in FiWi-Enhanced Mobile Networks 1215.1 Introduction 1215.2 System Model 1245.3 Energy-Delay Analysis of the Proposed Cooperative Offloading 1265.3.1 Average Response Time 1275.3.1.1 Delay Analysis of WiFi Users 1305.3.1.2 Delay Analysis of 4G LTE-A Users 1305.3.1.3 Delay Analysis of Backhaul EPON 1315.3.2 Average Energy Consumption per Task 1325.4 Energy-Delay Trade-off via Self-Organization 1345.5 Results 1375.6 Conclusions 1456 Decentralization via Blockchain 1476.1 Introduction 1476.2 Blockchain Technologies 1506.2.1 Ethereum vs. Bitcoin Blockchains 1506.2.2 Ethereum: The DAO 1546.3 Blockchain IoT and Edge Computing 1556.3.1 Blockchain IoT (BIoT): Recent Progress and Related Work 1556.3.2 Blockchain Enabled Edge Computing 1576.4 Decentralizing the Tactile Internet 1586.4.1 AI-enhanced MEC 1596.4.2 Crowdsourcing 1606.5 Nudging: From Judge Contract to Nudge Contract 1626.5.1 Cognitive Assistance: From AI to Intelligence Amplification (IA) 1626.5.2 HITL Hybrid-Augmented Intelligence 1626.5.3 Decentralized Self-Organizing Cooperative (DSOC) 1636.5.4 Nudge Contract: Nudging via Smart Contract 1636.6 Conclusions 1657 XR in the 6G Post-Smartphone Era 1677.1 Introduction 1677.2 6G Vision: Putting (Internet of No) Things in Perspective 1697.3 Extended Reality (XR): Unleashing Its Full Potential 1707.3.1 The Reality–Virtuality Continuum 1707.3.2 The Multiverse: An Architecture of Advanced XR Experiences 1717.4 Internet of No Things: Invisible-to-Visible (I2V) Technologies 1737.4.1 Extrasensory Perception Network (ESPN) 1757.4.2 Nonlocal Awareness of Space and Time: Mimicking the Quantum Realm 1767.4.2.1 Precognition 1787.4.2.2 Eternalism 1787.5 Results 1807.6 Conclusions 181Appendix A Proof of Lemmas 183A.1 Proof of Lemma 3.1 183A.2 Proof of Lemma 3.2 184A.3 Proof of Lemma 3.3 185A.4 Proof of Lemma 5.1 186Bibliography 191Index 203