Tobacco Takers

Utilizing archaeological, archival, and visual sources, this book reconsiders tobacco and smoking in the 17th-century Puritan colonies in the Atlantic Northeast through the lens of religious beliefs and medical care. Indigenous to the Americas and cultivated by Indigenous people for thousands of years, tobacco was introduced to Europeans in the 16th-century. For Indigenous peoples in North and South America, tobacco was an important part of ceremonial life and was commonly used in healing. By the early seventeenth century, tobacco was found all over the globe. To keep pace with the high demand, Native American and African people labored on plantations in the Virginia colony to produce tobacco for the English world, including the Puritan colonies in the Northeast United States. Readers may be surprised to learn that the archaeological record documents the popularity of smoking throughout seventeenth-century North America. Tobacco pipes are ubiquitous in sites in the Atlantic east from Dutch New Amsterdam to Port Royal, Jamaica, to Puritan Harvard College. While historical archaeologists have long talked about smoking in the Atlantic World, a discussion of the motivation behind early colonial smoking is new. The assumption has been that smoking during this period was a leisure activity tied to convivial behavior, but in the 17th-century Puritan world, smoking tobacco often was prescribed to alleviate numerous illnesses, as evidenced in the writings of physicians and ministers as well as pharmacopeia. In this research, the presence of white clay tobacco pipes found in the archaeological record of the Puritan colonies receives further scrutiny. For Puritans, drunkenness, excessive tobacco consumption, and conspicuous displays of prosperity such as extravagant dress were strictly forbidden. Laws in the Puritan colonies and the laws of Harvard College prohibited smoking as a form of licentious self-indulgence but also permitted smoking tobacco to cure various illnesses. When viewed through this lens, tobacco pipes can be viewed as an item of bodily care that addressed physical and metaphysical ailments.