Threats to Springs in a Changing World

Matthew J. Currell, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia Brian G. Katz, Environmental Consultant, USA

• List of Contributors viiPreface xi1 Protecting Springs in a Changing World Through Sound Science and Policy 1Matthew J. Currell and Brian G. KatzPart I Threats to Springs and Their Values2 Assessing Pollution and Depletion of Large Artesian Springs in Florida’s Rapidly Developing Water-Rich Landscape 9Robert L. Knight and Angeline Meeks3 Regional Passive Saline Encroachment in Major Springs of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida (1991–2020) 19Rick Copeland, Gary Maddox, and Andy Woeber4 Karst Spring Processes and Storage Implications in High Elevation, Semiarid Southwestern United States 35Keegan M. Donovan, Abraham E. Springer, Benjamin W. Tobin, and Roderic A. Parnell5 Nitrogen Contamination and Acidification of Groundwater Due to Excessive Fertilizer Use for Tea Plantations 51Hiroyuki Ii6 Springs of the Southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia: Balancing Sustainable Use and Cultural and Environmental Values 69Gavin M. Mudd and Matthew J. CurrellPart II Methods, Tools, and Techniques to Understand Spring Hydrogeology7 Environmental Tracers to Study the Origin and Timescales of Spring Waters 87Axel Suckow and Christoph Gerber8 Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of Springs at a Pilot-Scale: Applications in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas in Lebanon 111Joanna Doummar, Marwan Fahs, Michel Aoun,Reda Elghawi, Jihad Othman, Mohamad Alali, and Assaad H. Kassem9 Uncertainties in Understanding Groundwater Flow and Spring Functioning in Karst 131Francesco Fiorillo, Mauro Pagnozzi, Rosangela Addesso, Simona Cafaro, Ilenia M. D’Angeli, Libera Esposito, Guido Leone, Isabella S. Liso, and Mario Parise10 The Great Subterranean Spring of Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, and the Potential Impact of Subsurface Urban Heat Islands 145Greg BrickPart III Policy and Governance Approaches for the Protection of Springs11 Community-Based Water Resource Management: Pathway to Rural Water Security in Timor-Leste? 157Tanja Rosenqvist, George Goddard, Jack Nugent, Nick Brown, Eugenio Lemos, Elsa Ximenes, and Aleixo Santos12 Setting Benthic Algal Abundance Targets to Protect Florida Spring Ecosystems 171Robert A. Mattson13 Protecting Springs in the Southwest Great Artesian Basin, Australia 181Mark Keppel, Anne Jensen, Melissa Horgan, Aaron Smith, and Simone Stewart14 Patterns in the Occurrence of Fecal Bacterial Indicators at Public Mineral Springs of Central Victoria, 1986–2013 199Andrew Shugg15 Towards a Collective Effort to Preserve and Protect Springs 209Brian G. Katz and Matthew J. CurrellIndex 213