Telecommunication System Engineering

ROGER L. FREEMAN is founder and Principal of Roger Freeman Associates, independent consultants in telecommunications, specializing in system engineering in the United States, Canada, and Hispanic America. In the course of over forty-five years’ experience in telecommunications operations, maintenance, and engineering, he has served as principal engineer for advanced system planning at the Raytheon Company, technical manager for ITT Marine Europe, and regional planning expert for the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), among other positions. In addition to the three previous editions of Telecommunication System Engineering, Mr. Freeman has written six other books on the subject of telecommunications engineering: Reference Manual for Telecommunications Engineering, Third Edition; Fiber-Optic Systems for Telecommunications; Fundamentals of Telecommunications; Radio System Design for Telecommunications, Second Edition; Practical Data Communications, Second Edition; and Telecommunications Transmission Handbook, Fourth Edition, all published by Wiley. A senior life member of the IEEE, Roger Freeman has lectured at numerous professional conferences and published widely in international telecommunications journals.

• Preface xxiiiChapter 1 Basic Telephony 11 Definition and Concept 12 The Simple Telephone Connection 23 Sources and Sinks 54 Telephone Networks: Introductory Terminology 55 Essentials of Traffic Engineering 66 Erlang and Poisson Traffic Formulas 167 Waiting Systems (Queueing) 258 Dimensioning and Efficiency 289 Bases of Network Configurations 3110 Variations in Traffic Flow 3411 One-Way and Both-Way (Two-Way) Circuits 3512 Quality of Service 35Chapter 2 Local Networks 411 Introduction 412 Subscriber Loop Design 433 Current Loop Design Techniques Used in North America 534 Size of an Exchange Area Based on Number of Subscribers Served 555 Shape of a Serving Area 566 Exchange Location 587 Design of Local Area Analog Trunks (Junctions) 628 Voice-Frequency Repeaters 649 Tandem Routing 6510 Dimensioning of Trunks 6711 Community of Interest 68Chapter 3 SwitchinginanAnalogEnvironment 731 Introduction 732 Numbering, One Basis of Switching 753 Concentration and Expansion 764 Basic Switching Functions 775 Introductory Switching Concepts 796 Electromechanical Switching 817 Multiples and Links 828 Definitions: Degeneration, Availability, and Grading 839 The Crossbar Switch 8410 System Control 8511 Stored-Program Control 8912 Concentrators, Outside Plant Modules, Remote Switching, and Satellites 9513 Call Charging: European versus North American Approaches 9614 Transmission Factors in Switching 9715 Zero Test Level Point 9716 Numbering Concepts for Telephony 9817 Telephone Traffic Measurement 10418 Dial-Service Observation 106Chapter 4 Signaling for Analog Telephone Networks 1111 Introduction 1112 Supervisory Signaling 1123 AC Signaling 1154 Address Signaling: Introduction 1175 Compelled Signaling 1266 Link-by-Link versus End-to-End Signaling 1277 The Effects of Numbering on Signaling 1298 Associated and Disassociated Channel Signaling 1309 Signaling in the Subscriber Loop 13210 Metallic Trunk Signaling 133Chapter 5 Introduction to Transmission for Telephony 1391 Purpose and Scope 1392 The Three Basic Impairments to Voice Channel Transmission 1403 Two-Wire and Four-Wire Transmission 1474 Multiplexing 1505 Shaping of a Voice Channel and its Meaning in Noise Measurement Units 151Chapter 6 Long-Distance Networks 1571 General 1572 The Design Problem 1583 Link Limitation 1594 International Network 1595 Exchange Location (Toll/Long-Distance Network) 1616 Network Design Procedures 1637 Traffic Routing in the National Network 1698 Transmission Factors in Long-Distance Telephony 175Chapter 7 The Design of Long-Distance Links 1851 Introduction 1852 The Bearer 1863 Introduction to Radio Transmission 1864 Design Essentials for Line-of-Sight Microwave Systems 1875 Satellite Communications 2126 Fiber-Optic Communication Links 236Chapter 8 Digital Transmission Systems 2611 Digital versus Analog Transmission 2612 Basis of Pulse-Code Modulation 2623 Development of a Pulse-Code Modulation Signal 2634 Pulse-Code Modulation System Operation 2755 Practical Applications 2776 PCM Line Codes 2787 Regenerative Repeaters 2788 Signal-to-Gaussian-Noise Ratio on Pulse-Code Modulation Repeated Lines 2809 PCM System Enhancements 28110 Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems 28411 Long-Distance PCM Transmission 29012 Digital Loop Carrier 29213 SONET and SDH 29314 Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Transmission 311Chapter 9 Digital Switching and Networks 3171 Introduction 3172 Advantages and Issues of PCM Switching When Compared to Its Analog Counterpart 3193 Approaches to PCM Switching 3204 Digital Switching Concepts—Background 3265 The Digital Network 333Chapter 10 Introduction to Data Communications 3651 Overview 3652 The Bit 3663 Removing Ambiguity—Binary Convention 3664 Coding 3675 Errors in Data Transmission 3726 The DC Nature of Data Transmission 3787 Binary Transmission and the Concept of Time 3808 Data Interface—The Physical Layer 3889 Digital Transmission on an Analog Channel 392Chapter 11 Data Networks and their Operation 4091 Introduction 4092 Initial Design Considerations 4123 Network Topologies and Configurations 4144 Overview of Data Switching 4175 Circuit Optimization 4216 Data Network Operation 4247 TCP/IP and Related Protocols 4488 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 4699 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 474Chapter 12 Voice-Over IP 4831 Data Transmission Versus Conventional Telephony 4832 Drawbacks and Challenges for Transmitting Voice on Data Packets 4843 VoIP, Introductory Technical Description 4854 Media Gateway Controller and its Protocols 492Chapter 13 Local Area Networks 5011 Definition and Applications 5012 LAN Topologies 5023 The Two Broad Categories of LAN Transmission Techniques 5054 Overview of IEEE/ANSI LAN Protocols 5095 LAN Access Protocols 5176 Wireless LANs (WLANs) 555Chapter 14 Integrated Services Digital Networks 5651 Background and Goals of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 5652 ISDN Structures 5673 User Access and Interface 5694 ISDN Protocols and Protocol Issues 5715 ISDN Networks 5736 ISDN Protocol Structures 5757 Layer 2 Interface: Link Access Procedure for the D-Channel 5858 Overview of Layer 3 593Chapter 15 Speeding Things Up with Frame Relay 6031 Introduction 6032 How Can the Network Be Speeded Up? 6033 Frame Relay Standards 621Chapter 16 The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Broadband ISDN 6311 Where are We Going? 6312 Introduction to ATM 6313 User–Network Interface (UNI) Configuration and Architecture 6344 The ATM Cell—Key to Operation 6365 Cell Delineation and Scrambling 6426 ATM Layering and B-ISDN 6457 Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless 6548 Aspects of a B-ISDN/ATM Network 6599 Signaling Requirements 66110 Quality of Service (QoS) 66311 Traffic Control and Congestion Control 66612 Transporting ATM Cells 672Chapter 17 CCITT Signaling System No. 7 6811 Introduction 6812 Overview of SS No. 7 Architecture 6823 SS No. 7 Relationship to OSI 6834 Signaling System Structure 6855 The Signaling Data Link (Layer 1) 6896 The Signaling Link (Level 2) 6907 Signaling Network Functions and Messages (Layer 3) 6958 Signaling Network Structure 6999 Signaling Performance—Message Transfer Part 70110 Numbering Plan for International Signaling Point Codes 70311 Hypothetical Signaling Reference Connections 70312 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 70513 User Parts 71014 SS7 Signaling Data Connectivity over the Internet 728Chapter 18 Wireless and Cellular/Mobile Radio 7371 Introduction 7372 Basic Concepts of Cellular Radio 7383 Personal Communication Systems 7424 Radio Propagation in the Mobile/PCS Environment 7445 Impairments—Fading in the Mobile Environment 7566 The Cellular Radio Bandwidth Dilemma 7637 Network Access Methods 7668 Frequency Reuse 7779 Paging Systems 77910 Mobile Satellite Communications 78211 1G, 2G, 2-1/2G, And 3G, That Is the Question 79012 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (umts) 79113 Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) 798Chapter 19 Last-Mile Broadband Connectivity and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 8051 Background and Chapter Objective 8052 Conventional Wire Pair in the Last Mile 8063 Wire Pair Equipped with DSL Modems 8064 Digital Loop Carrier (DLC) 8115 Broadband Microwave/Millimeter Wave Last-Mile Transmission 8126 CATV as a Basic Transport Medium for the Last Mile 829Chapter 20 Optical Networking 8351 Background and Chapter Objective 8352 New Optical Technologies Required 8373 Distributed Switching 8374 Overlay Networks 8395 Optical Switching 8426 A Practical Optical Add–Drop Multiplexer 8457 Improvements in the Management of the New Network Architecture 8488 All-Optical Cross-Connects 8499 Options for Optical Layer Signaling 85010 Four Classes of Optical Networks 85111 Optical Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings 85412 Overview of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) 85513 Standardization of Optical Control Plane Protocols 86114 Summary 867Chapter 21 Network Management 8711 What is Network Management? 8712 The Bigger Picture 8713 Traditional Breakout by Tasks 8724 Survivability—Where Network Management Really Pays 8735 System Depth—a Network Management Problem 8776 Network Management from a PSTN Perspective 8817 Network Management Systems in Enterprise Networks 8878 Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) 8999 Network Management in ATM 904Appendix 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations 911Index 931