Student Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual for Hill's Chemistry for Changing Times

About our authors John Hill received his Ph.D. from the University of Arkansas. As an organic chemist, he published more than 50 papers, most of which have an educational bent. In addition to Chemistry for Changing Times, he authored or coauthored several introductory-level chemistry textbooks, all of which have been published in multiple editions. He presented over 60 papers at national conferences, many relating to chemical education. He received several awards for outstanding teaching and was active in the American Chemical Society, both locally and nationally.  Terry McCreary received his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from Virginia Tech. He has taught chemistry at Murray State University since 1988 and was presented with the Regents Excellence in Teaching Award in 2008. He is a member of the Kentucky Academy of Science and has served as technical editor for the Journal of Pyrotechnics. McCreary is author of several laboratory manuals for general chemistry and analytical chemistry, as well as General Chemistry with John Hill, Ralph Petrucci, and Scott Perry, and Experimental Composite Propellant, a fundamental monograph on the preparation and properties of solid rocket propellant. In his spare time, he designs, builds, and flies rockets with the Tripoli Rocketry Association of which he was elected president in 2010. He also enjoys gardening, machining, woodworking, and astronomy.  Marilyn D. Duerst majored in chemistry, math, and German at St. Olaf College, graduating in 1963 and earned a Master's Degree from the University of California-Berkeley in 1966. For over five decades her talents in teaching have flourished in every venue imaginable, with students aged 4 to 84, but were focused on non-science majors, preservice and inservice teachers. She taught at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls from 1981 to 2015; in 2006 she was presented with the Outstanding Teaching Award. Now a Distinguished Lecturer in Chemistry, emerita, from UWRF, she is a Fellow of the American Chemical Society, an organization in which she has long been active both locally and nationally, particularly in outreach activities to the public. In 1999, she co-authored a book for children with John W. Hill entitled The Crimecracker Kids and the Bake-shop Break-in. Marilyn is a birder, rockhound and nature photographer, collects sand, minerals and elements, has traveled 4 continents, and studied a dozen languages.  Rill Ann Reuter earned her B.A. in Chemistry from Connecticut College and her M.S. in Biochemistry from Yale University. She worked in academic research laboratories at Yale University, Princeton University, and the University of Massachusetts Medical School for twelve years, with a primary emphasis on nucleic acid research. After moving to Minnesota in 1980, she taught at Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, the College of Saint Teresa, and Winona State University and did research on photosynthesis. She retired from Winona State in 2015 as Professor Emerita of Chemistry. Over the years she has taught large numbers of general chemistry, non-science, and pre-nursing students. She was active in local and regional science fairs for 35 years and is a member of the American Chemical Society. She has a keen interest in history, politics, and classical music.

• Table of Contents Chemistry 1.1 Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge1.2 Science: Reproducible, Testable, Tentative, Predictive, and Explanatory1.3 Science and Technology: Risks and Benefit1.4 Solving Society’s Problems: Scientific Research1.5 Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes1.6 Classification of Matter1.7 The Measurement of Matter1.8 Density1.9 Energy: Heat and Temperature1.10 Critical ThinkingAtoms 2.1 Atoms: Ideas from the Ancient Greeks2.2 Scientific Laws: Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions2.3 John Dalton and the Atomic Theory of Matter2.4 The Mole and Molar Mass2.5 Mendeleev and the Periodic Table2.6 Atoms and Molecules: Real and RelevantAtomic Structure 3.1 Electricity and the Atom3.2 Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity3.3 Three Types of Radioactivity3.4 Rutherford’s Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the Atom3.5 The Atomic Nucleus3.6 Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model (Orbits)3.7 Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model (Orbitals/Subshells)3.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic TableChemical Bonds 4.1 The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations4.2 Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols4.3 The Reaction of Sodium with Chlorine4.4 Using Lewis Symbols for Ionic Compounds4.5 Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds4.6 Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs4.7 Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds4.8 Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane4.9 Polyatomic Ions4.10 Guidelines for Drawing Lewis Structures4.11 Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory4.12 Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar MoleculesChemical Accounting 5.1 Chemical Sentences: Equations5.2 Volume Relationships in chemical Equations5.3 Avogadro’s Number and the Names5.4 Molar Mass: Mole-to-Mass and Mass-to-Mole Conversions5.5 SolutionsGases, Liquids, Solids…and Intermolecular Forces 6.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases6.2 Comparing Ionic and Molecular Substances6.3 Forces between Molecules6.4 Forces in Solutions6.5 Gases: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory6.6 The Simple Gas Laws6.7 The Ideal Gas LawAcids and Bases 7.1 Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions7.2 Acids, Bases, and Salts7.3 Acidic and Basic Anhydrides7.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases7.5 Neutralization7.6 The pH Scale7.7 Buffers and Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs7.8 Acids and Bases in Industry and in Daily LifeOxidation and Reduction 8.1 Oxidation and Reduction: Four Views8.2 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents8.3 Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries8.4 Corrosion and Explosion8.5 Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent8.6 Some Common Reducing Agents8.7 Oxidation, Reduction, and Living ThingsOrganic Chemistry 9.1 Organic Chemistry and Compounds9.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons9.3 Aromatic Compounds: Benzene and Its Relatives9.4 Halogenated Hydrocarbons: Many Uses, Some Hazards9.5 Functional and Alkyl Groups9.6 Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, and Thiols9.7 Aldehydes and Ketones9.8 Carboxylic Acids and Esters9.9 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds: Amines and AmidesPolymers 10.1 Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones10.2 Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread Bags10.3 Addition Polymerization: One + One + One + … Gives One!10.4 Rubber and Other Elastomers10.5 Condensation Polymers10.6 Properties of Polymers10.7 Plastics and the EnvironmentNuclear Chemistry 11.1 Natural Radioactivity11.2 Nuclear Equations11.3 Half-Life and Radioisotopic Dating11.4 Artificial Transmutation11.5 Uses of Radioisotopes11.6 Penetrating Power of Radiation11.7 Energy from the Nucleus11.8 Nuclear Bombs11.9 Uses and Consequences of Nuclear EnergyChemistry of Earth 12.1 Spaceship Earth: Structure and Composition12.2 Silicates and the Shapes of Things12.3 Carbonates: Caves, Chalk, and Limestone12.4 Metals and Their Ores12.5 Salts and “Table Salt”12.6 Gemstones and Semi-Precious Stones12.7 Earth’s Dwindling ResourcesAir 13.1 Earth’s Atmosphere: Divisions and Composition13.2 Chemistry of the Atmosphere13.3 Pollution through the Ages13.4 Automobile Emissions13.5 Photochemical Smog: Making Haze While the Sun Shines13.6 Acid Rain: Air Pollution Water Pollution13.7 The Inside Story: Indoor Air Pollution13.8 Stratospheric Ozone: Earth’s Vital Shield13.9 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change13.10 Who Pollutes? Who Pays?Water 14.1 Water: Some Unique Properties14.2 Water in Nature14.3 Organic Contamination; Human and Animal Waste14.4 The World’s Water Crisis14.5 Tap Water and Government Standards for Drinking Water14.6 Water Consumption: Who Uses It and How Much?14.7 Making Water Fit to Drink14.8 Wastewater TreatmentEnergy 15.1 Our Sun, a Giant Nuclear Power Plant15.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions15.3 Reaction Rates15.4 The Laws of Thermodynamics15.5 Fuels and Energy: People, Horses, and Fossils15.6 Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages15.7 Natural Gas and Petroleum15.8 Convenient Energy15.9 Nuclear Energy15.10 Renewable Energy SourcesBiochemistry 16.1 Energy and the Living Cell16.2 Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy16.3 Carbohydrates in the Diet16.4 Fats and Other Lipids16.5 Fats and Cholesterol16.6 Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids16.7 Structure and Function of Proteins16.8 Protein in the Diet16.9 Nucleic Acids: Parts, Structure, and Function16.10 RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code16.11 The Human GenomeNutrition, Fitness, and Health 17.1 Calories: Quality and Quantity17.2 Minerals17.3 Vitamins17.4 Fiber, Electrolytes, and Water17.5 Food Additives17.6 Starvation and Malnutrition17.7 Weight Loss, Diet, and Exercise17.8 Fitness and MuscleDrugs 18.1 Drugs from Nature and the Laboratory18.2 Pain Relievers: From Aspirin to Oxycodone18.3 Drugs and Infectious Diseases18.4 Chemicals against Cancer18.5 Hormones: The Regulators18.6 Drugs for the Heart18.7 Drugs and the Mind18.8 Drugs and SocietyChemistry Down on the Farm 19.1 Growing Food with Fertilizers19.2 The War against Pests19.3 Herbicides and Defoliants19.4 Sustainable Agriculture19.5 Looking to the Future: Feeding a Growing, Hungry WorldHousehold Chemicals 20.1 Cleaning with Soap20.2 Synthetic Detergents20.3 Laundry Auxiliaries: Softeners and Bleaches20.4 All-Purpose and Special-Purpose Cleaning Products20.5 Solvents, Paints, and Waxes20.6 Cosmetics: Personal-Care ChemicalsPoisons 21.1 Natural Poisons21.2 Poisons and How They Act21.3 More Chemistry of the Nervous System21.4 The Lethal Dose21.5 The Liver as a Detox Facility21.6 Carcinogens and Teratogens21.7 Hazardous Wastes