Structural Adhesive Joints

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Sk??odowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 130 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives. S. K. Panigrahi (PhD, IIT Kharagpur) is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Pune, India. He has worked as an International Visiting Academic with University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy (UNSW@ADFA). He has more than 27 year of wide and intensive teaching, research, training and administrative experience. He has been working on the development of advanced finite element methods and nonlinear finite element analyses and modelling of engineering structures with functionally graded/monolithic adhesively bonded joints. He has published over 190 research articles in peer-reviewed scholarly research papers international journals/conferences including 4 books, a monograph and many conference proceedings including a series of lecture materials.

• Preface xiiiPart 1: General Topics 11 Surface Preparation for Structural Adhesive Joints 3Anushka Purabgola, Shivani Rastogi, Gaurav Sharma and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian1.1 Introduction 41.2 Theories of Adhesion 61.2.1 Mechanical Interlocking 61.2.2 Electrostatic (Electronic) Theory 71.2.3 Diffusion Theory 71.2.4 Wetting Theory 81.2.5 Chemical Bonding Theory 101.2.6 Weak Boundary Layer Theory 101.3 Surface Preparation Methods 111.3.1 Degreasing 121.3.1.1 Vapor Degreasing 121.3.1.2 Ultrasonic Vapor Degreasing 131.3.1.3 Other Degreasing Methods 141.3.2 Mechanical Abrasion 151.3.3 Chemical Treatment 171.3.3.1 Acid Etching 171.3.3.2 Anodization 171.3.4 Physical Methods 201.3.4.1 Corona Treatment 201.3.4.2 Flame Treatment 221.3.4.3 Plasma Treatment 221.4 Surface Preparation Evaluation Methods 231.4.1 Dyne Solutions 241.4.2 Water-Break Test 241.4.3 Contact Angle Test 241.5 Applications of Structural Adhesives 251.5.1 Adhesives for Aerospace 251.5.2 Adhesives for Marine Applications 261.5.3 Adhesives for Medical and Dental Applications 261.5.4 Adhesives for Construction 271.5.5 Adhesives for Automotive Industry 281.5.6 Adhesives for Electronics 281.6 Summary 29Acknowledgment 29References 302 Improvement of the Performance of Structural Adhesive Joints with Nanoparticles and Numerical Prediction of Their Response 35Farid Taheri2.1 Introduction 362.1.1 Historical Perspective 362.1.2 Incorporation of Fillers in Adhesives 382.2 Use of Nanocarbon Nanoparticles for Improving the Response of Resins and Adhesives 412.3 Assessment of Performance of Adhesively Bonded Joints (ABJs) 542.3.1 Brief Introduction to the Procedures Used for Assessing Stresses in ABJs 542.3.2 Computational Approaches for Assessing Response of ABJs 562.4 Application of CZM for Simulating Crack Propagation in Adhesively Bonded Joints 602.4.1 Basis of the CZM 602.4.2 Applications of CZM to Bonded Joints 622.5 Application of xFEM for Simulating Crack Propagation in Adhesively Bonded Joints 662.6 Summary 69Acknowledgement 70References 703 Optimization of Structural Adhesive Joints 79P. K. Mallick3.1 Introduction 793.2 Joint Configurations 803.3 Joint Design Parameters 833.4 Substrate Stiffness and Strength 883.5 Adhesive Selection 893.6 Hybrid Joints 923.7 Summary 93References 944 Durability Aspects of Structural Adhesive Joints 97H. S. Panda, Rigved Samant, K. L. Mittal and S. K. PanigrahiAbbreviations Used 984.1 Introduction 994.2 Factors Affecting Durability 1004.2.1 Materials 1014.2.1.1 Adhesives 1014.2.1.2 Adherends 1114.2.2 Environment 1234.2.2.1 Moisture 1234.2.2.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) 1244.2.3 Stress 1254.3 Methods to Improve Durability 1274.4 Summary 128References 1295 Debonding of Structural Adhesive Joints 135Mariana D. Banea5.1 Introduction 1355.2 Design of Structures with Debondable Adhesives (Design for Disassembly) 1385.3 Techniques for Debonding of Structural Adhesive Joints 1405.3.1 Electrically Induced Debonding of Adhesive Joints 1405.3.2 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Reactive Fillers 1415.3.2.1 Nanoparticles 1415.3.2.2 Microparticles 1455.4 Prospects 1515.5 Summary 152Acknowledgements 152References 152Part 2: Analysis and Testing 1596 Fracture Mechanics-Based Design and Analysis of Structural Adhesive Joints 161Jinchen Ji and Quantian LuoAbbreviations and Nomenclature 1616.1 Introduction 1636.1.1 Analysis Methods of Adhesive Joints 1646.1.2 Design Philosophy of Adhesive Joints and Fracture Mechanics Based Design 1666.2 Stress Analysis and Fracture Modelling of Structural Adhesive Joints 1676.2.1 Stress Analysis and Static Strength of Structural Adhesive Joints 1686.2.1.1 Shear-Lag Model and Shear Stress 1686.2.1.2 Beam-Adhesive Model, Shear and Peel Stresses 1716.2.1.3 Load Update of a Single Lap Joint in Tension 1776.2.2 Analytical Approaches of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 1806.2.2.1 An Approach Based on Adhesive Stresses for the Joint Under General Loading 1806.2.2.2 Methods Based on a Beam Theory and a Singular Field 1846.2.3 Fracture Prediction Using Cohesive Zone Model 1856.2.3.1 Cohesive Zone Model 1866.2.3.2 Cohesive Traction Law 1866.2.3.3 Design Criteria Based on Cohesive Zone Model 1876.3 Finite Element Modelling and Simulation 1876.3.1 Finite Element Modelling for Stress Analysis of Adhesive Joints 1886.3.2 Virtual Crack Closure Technique 1886.3.3 Cohesive Zone Modelling and Progressive Failure 1896.4 Experimental Approach and Material Characterization 1906.4.1 Specimen and Test Standard 1916.4.2 Data Reduction and Fracture Toughness, Mixed Mode Fracture 1926.4.3 Measurement of Fracture Parameters and Progressive Failure Using DIC 1926.5 Prospects 1936.5.1 Analytical Modelling and Formulation 1936.5.2 Cohesive Zone Model and Progressive Fracture 1936.5.3 Experimental Study on Fracture of Adhesive Joints 1946.5.4 Optimal Design of Adhesive Joints and Use of Nanomaterials 1946.6 Summary 195References 1957 Failure Analysis of Structural Adhesive Joints with Functionally Graded Tubular Adherends 205Rashmi Ranjan Das7.1 Introduction and Background Literature 2067.2 Material Property Gradation in the Structural Adhesive Joint Region 2107.3 Stress Analysis 2127.4 Summary and Conclusions 216References 2178 Damage Behaviour in Functionally Graded Structural Adhesive Joints with Double Lap Joint Configuration 221S. V. Nimje and S. K. PanigrahiList of Symbols 2228.1 Introduction 2228.2 FE Analysis of Functionally Graded Double Lap Joint 2278.2.1 Modelling of Double Lap Joint 2278.2.2 Loading and Boundary Conditions 2298.2.3 Modeling of Functionally Graded Adhesive Layer 2298.2.4 Meshing Scheme of Double Lap Joint 2318.2.5 Error and Convergence Study 2318.3 Damage Onset in a Double Lap Joint 2338.4 Adhesion/Interfacial Failure Propagation Analysis 2348.4.1 Evaluation of SERR 2358.5 Interfacial Damage Propagation Analysis 2378.5.1 Onset of Adhesion/Interfacial Failure 2378.5.2 Interfacial Failure Propagation in Double Lap Joint with Mono-Modulus Adhesive 2388.5.3 Interfacial Damage Propagation in Functionally Graded Double Lap Joint 2408.6 Conclusions 242References 2439 Impact, Shock and Vibration Characteristics of Epoxy-Based Composites for Structural Adhesive Joints 247Bikash Chandra Chakraborty and Debdatta RatnaDescriptions of Abbreviations 248Symbols with Units 2499.1 Introduction 2509.2 Dynamic Viscoelasticity 2529.2.1 Example 2559.3 Toughened Epoxy Resins 2579.3.1 Toughening Agents for Epoxy 2589.4 Flexible Epoxy System 2639.4.1 Vibration Response for Joined Beams 2659.4.2 Experimental Evaluation 2689.4.3 Flexible Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposite 2709.5 Shock Response of Metallic Joints with Epoxy Adhesives 2749.5.1 Shock Pulse: Fourier Transform 2759.5.2 Shock Response 2779.6 Summary 283References 28410 Delamination Arrest Methods in Structural Adhesive Joints Used in Automobiles 289P. Ramesh Babu10.1 Introduction 29010.2 Delamination Growth Studies in Laminated FRP Composite Bonded Joints 29010.2.1 Analysis of Embedded Delaminations 29110.3 Laminated Curved Composite Skin-Stiffener Joint Geometry and Material Properties 29210.3.1 Configurations of the Models with Pre-Embedded Delamination 29310.3.2 Loads and Boundary Conditions of the Joint for the Delamination Analysis 29510.4 Finite Element Modelling with Embedded Delamination 29510.5 Numerical Method for the Delamination Analysis 29610.6 Computations of SERRs for Hybrid Laminated Curved Composite Skin-Stiffener Joint 29810.7 Studies of Crack Growth Arrest with Fasteners in Bonded Joints 30410.7.1 Modelling and Analysis of Skin-Stiffener Joint with Fasteners at Embedded Delamination 30410.8 Study of Crack Growth Arrest Mechanisms with Z-Fibre Pins in Composite Laminated Joints 30710.9 Modelling and Analysis of Skin-Stiffener Joints with Z-Fiber Pins at Embedded Delamination 30710.9.1 Estimation of Crack Growth Arrest (a) with Single Row of Z-Fiber Pins Reinforcement (b) with Multiple Rows of Z-Fiber Pins Reinforcement (c) Influence of Diameter and Space in between the Reinforced Pins on Fracture Toughness of the Composite Laminated Joint 30810.10 Conclusions 31210.11 Scope of Future Work 315References 315Index 319