Solar Capacitors and Batteries

Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD is a professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. She has edited eight books and is actively involved in research and consulting activities. Her expertise focuses on photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. Mehmet Sankir, PhD is a professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering at TOBB University of Economics and Technology and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey. He is actively involved in research and consulting activities and has edited eight books. His research focuses on membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination.

• Preface xvPart 1: Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photo-Supercapacitors 11 Photosupercapacitor 3Mohamad Mohsen Momeni and Hossein Mohammadzadeh Aydisheh1.1 Introduction 41.2 Photosupercapacitors 61.3 Designs and Principles of Photosupercapacitor 61.3.1 Three-Electrode Systems 71.3.2 Two-Electrode Systems (Photosupercapacitor Devices) 81.3.2.1 Tandem Photosupercapacitors (Type I) 81.3.2.2 Components of the Tandem Photosupercapacitors 91.3.2.3 Type II: Photoelectrode and Supercapacitor Integrated Into One Single 10References 262 Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors 31Nirmal Roy, Nandlal Pingua and Rupam Sinha2.1 Introduction 322.2 Applications of Photorechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors 342.3 Working Principles 362.3.1 Photovoltaic Cells 372.3.2 Supercapacitors 392.3.3 Integrated Photosupercapacitor 422.4 Techniques for Performance Analysis 442.5 Future Prospect and Conclusions 47References 503 Role of Photoactive Materials in Photo-Supercapacitors 55Esakkimuthu Shanmugasundaram, Suganya Bharathi Balakrishnan, Amos Ravi and Stalin ThambusamyAbbreviations 563.1 Introduction 573.2 Working Principle of Photo-Supercapacitors 603.3 Basic Components of Photo-Supercapacitors 603.3.1 Photoanode Materials in Solar Cells 613.3.2 Electrolytes in Solar Cells 623.3.3 Counter and Collector Materials in SCs 623.3.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Electrodes 623.3.3.2 Polymer-Based Electrodes 653.3.4 Photoactive Materials in Solar Cell 683.3.4.1 Dyes as a Photoactive Material 683.3.4.2 Polymers as a Photoactive Material 703.3.4.3 Perovskite Materials as a Photoactive Material 713.3.4.4 Quantum Dot Materials as a Photoactive Material 723.4 Conclusions 73References 74Part 2: Solar Rechargeable Batteries and Hybrid Devices 834 Photo-Rechargeable All-Solid-State Batteries Based on Photoelectrochemistry and Solid-State Ionics 85Kenta Watanabe and Masaaki Hirayama4.1 Introduction: Problems of Research on Photo-Rechargeable Batteries 864.2 General Principles of Photoelectrochemical Reactions Using Semiconductor Electrodes 864.2.1 Under Dark Conditions 874.2.2 Under Light Irradiation 894.2.3 Photoelectrochemical Reactions without External Voltages 914.3 ASSBs Using Ionic Conductors as Solid Electrolytes 944.3.1 Bulk Type 954.3.2 Thin-Film Type 964.4 Photo-Rechargeable ASSBs 97References 995 Novel Hybrid Perovskites and Inorganic Semiconductors for Photorechargeable Li-Ion Battery Photoelectrodes 105Shubham Chamola, Rashid M. Ansari and Shahab Ahmad5.1 Introduction 1065.1.1 Photorechargeable Battery 1085.2 MHPs and TMOs as Active Materials for PRBs 1135.2.1 Metal Halide Perovskites for PRBs 1135.2.1.1 2D Perovskite of Type (C6 H9 C2 H4 NH3) 2 PbI 4 and Double Perovskite of Type Cs2 Bi2 I9 Nanosheets for Li-PRBs 1145.2.1.2 Quasi 2D RP Perovskite and MoS 2 -Based Hybrid Heterojunction for Li-PRBs 1185.2.2 Inorganic Photoactive Materials for Li-PRBs 1225.2.2.1 Fe2 O3 -Based Li-PRBs 1235.2.2.2 Sb2 S3 -Based Li-PRBs 1285.3 Conclusions 131Acknowledgments 133References 1336 2D Materials for Solar-Assisted Hybrid Energy Storage Devices: Photo-Supercapacitors 143Yasar Ozkan Yesilbag, Fatma Nur Tuzluca Yesilbag, Ahmad Huseyin, Ahmed Jalal Salih Salih and Mehmet Ertugrul6.1 Introduction 1446.2 Fundamental Components of PSCs 1466.2.1 Solar Cells 1466.2.2 Supercapacitors 1516.2.3 Photo-Supercapacitors 1526.2.4 Efficiency and Factors Affecting Performance 1536.2.5 Two-Electrode PSCs 1556.2.6 Three-Electrode PSCs 1556.2.7 Classification of Planar/Uniaxial PSCs 1566.2.7.1 Planar/Uniaxial PSCs Based on DSSC 1566.2.7.2 Flexible Single-Layer Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Quantum Dot Solar 1596.2.7.3 Flexible Perovskite-Based Solar Cell Photo-Supercapacitor 1616.2.8 2D Materials for Photo-Supercapacitors 162References 169Part 3: Solar-Asisted Integrated Systems 1757 Unlocking the Potential of Sustainable Energy: Exploring the Role of Supercapacitors in Enhancing Energy Storage Efficiency of Photovoltaic Systems 177R.H.M.D. Premasiri, P.L.A.K. Piyumal, A.L.A.K. Ranaweera and S.R.D. Kalingamudali7.1 Introduction 1787.1.1 Overview of Sustainable Energy Systems 1787.1.1.1 Importance of Transitioning to Sustainable Energy 1787.1.1.2 Current Trends and Global Initiatives 1807.1.2 The Role of PV Systems in Sustainable Energy 1817.1.2.1 Basics of PV Technology 1817.1.2.2 The Potential of PV Systems to Meet Future Energy Demands 1837.1.3 Challenges in PV Systems 1847.1.3.1 Fluctuating Irradiance 1847.1.3.2 Available Storage Solutions 1867.2 Fundamentals of SCs 1907.2.1 Overview of SC Technology 1907.2.1.1 Structure and Working Principles of SCs 1907.2.1.2 Classification and Materials Used in SC Construction 1917.2.2 Comparison with Traditional Capacitors and Batteries 1937.2.2.1 Differences in Energy and Power Density 1937.2.2.2 Lifecycle and Durability Comparisons with Batteries 1957.2.3 Advantages of SCs 1957.2.3.1 High-Power Density and Rapid Charging 1957.2.3.2 Longevity and Low Maintenance Requirements 1957.2.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Chemical Batteries 1967.3 Integration of SCs in PV Systems 1967.3.1 Addressing Instability in PV Systems 1967.3.1.1 How SCs Mitigate the Effects of Fluctuating Irradiance 1967.3.1.2 Role in Stabilizing Voltage and Improving Power Quality 1987.3.2 Role of SCs in Energy Storage 2007.3.2.1 Short-Term Vs. Long-Term Energy Storage Needs in PV Systems 2007.3.2.2 How SCs Complement Traditional Batteries 2017.3.3 Enhancing System Reliability and Efficiency 2027.3.3.1 Case Studies of Reliability Improvements with SC Integration 2027.3.3.2 Quantitative Benefits in Terms of System Efficiency and Uptime 2037.4 Advanced Techniques in SC–PV Integration 2057.4.1 SCALOM Technique 2057.4.1.1 Advantages of SCALOM in PV Systems 2067.4.2 SCALDO Technique 2077.4.3 Design Considerations for Parallel Integration 2097.4.4 Efficiency Improvements through Energy Harvesting and Waste Reduction 2107.5 Applications Beyond PV Systems 2107.5.1 SCs in EVs 2107.5.1.1 Role in Regenerative Braking Systems 2117.5.1.2 Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Reducing Reliance on Batteries 2127.5.1.3 Present Innovations with SCs for EVs 2147.5.1.4 Future Trends in EV SC Technology 2147.5.2 SCs in Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems 2157.5.2.1 Importance of Power Density and Rapid Discharge Capabilities 2157.5.2.2 Use Cases in Critical Power Applications 2167.5.3 SCs in Internet of Things (IoT) Devices 2167.5.3.1 Power Management for Smart Sensors and Wearable Devices 2167.5.3.2 Advantages of Fast Charging and Long Cycle Life in IoT Applications 2177.5.3.3 Integration Challenges and Potential Solutions 2187.6 Challenges and Limitations 2197.6.1 Technical Challenges in SC Integration 2197.6.1.1 Issues Related to Scalability and Cost 2207.6.1.2 Integration Challenges with Existing PV Infrastructure 2207.6.2 Economic Considerations 2217.6.2.1 Cost–Benefit Analysis of SC Integration 2217.6.2.2 Potential for Cost Reduction through Technological Advancements 2217.6.3 Environmental Impact and Sustainability Concerns 2227.6.3.1 Lifecycle Analysis of SCs 2227.6.3.2 Disposal and Recycling Challenges 2237.6.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Alternative Storage Solutions 2237.7 Future Prospects and Technological Advancements 2247.7.1 Innovations in SC Technology 2247.7.1.1 Emerging Materials and Fabrication Techniques 2247.7.1.2 Advances in Energy Density and Charge–Discharge Efficiency 2257.7.2 Potential Developments in PV Systems and Energy Storage 2267.7.2.1 Integration with Other Renewable Energy Sources 2267.7.2.2 Future Trends in Distributed Energy Storage 2287.7.3 The Role of SCs in Future Energy Systems 2297.7.3.1 Potential for SCs in Grid-Level Energy Storage 2297.7.3.2 Contribution to Smart Grids and Microgrids 2307.8 Conclusion 230Acknowledgments 231References 2318 A Combination of Energy Conversion and Storage: A Solar-Driven Supercapacitor 243Mohammed Arkham Belgami and Chandra Sekhar Rout8.1 Introduction 2438.2 What are Photosupercapacitors 2458.2.1 Major Components of PSCs 2468.2.1.1 Solar Cell 2468.2.1.2 Supercapacitor 2498.3 Different Integration Methods of PSCs 2528.3.1 PSCs Involving DSSC-Based Charging Unit 2528.3.2 PSCs Involving OPV-Based Charging Unit 2558.3.3 PSCs Involving Perovskites-Based Charging Unit 2578.4 Efficiency of PSCs 2598.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 262References 2629 Exploring the Potential of a Battery-Assisted Solar Cooking System 267Mohammed Hmich, Bilal Zoukarh, Sara Chadli, Rachid Malek, Olivier Deblecker, Khalil Kassmi and Najib Bachiri9.1 Introduction 2689.2 Innovative Cooker Structure 2709.2.1 Specifications 2709.2.2 System Schematic 2719.3 Cooker Design and Operation 2739.3.1 Solar Cooker Test with Battery Storage 2739.3.1.1 Weather Station 2739.3.1.2 Measurement Bench 2759.3.2 Measurement Results and Discussion 2769.3.2.1 Battery Charging by Photovoltaic Panels 2779.3.2.2 Solar Vacuum Cooker 2789.3.2.3 Water Heating 2809.4 Conclusion 283Acknowledgments 284References 284Part 4: Photoelectrochemical Batteries and Perovskite-Based Photo Supercapacitors 28910 Solar Flow Batteries 291Tuluhan Olcayto Colak, Emine Karagoz, Ecenaz Yaman, Mehmet Kurt, Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir10.1 Introduction 29210.1.1 Solar Flow Battery Concept 29310.1.2 Energy Conversion Equations 29410.2 Photocathodes for SRFBs 29610.3 Configuration 29910.3.1 Single Photoelectrode with RFB Systems 30210.3.2 Dual Photoelectrode Systems with RFB 30310.3.3 Metallic Lithium Anode-Based SRFB Systems 30410.4 Counter Electrodes 30510.4.1 Semiconductors as Counter Electrodes 30610.4.2 Carbon-Based Counter Electrodes 30710.5 Electrolyte 30910.5.1 Inorganic–Inorganic 31210.5.2 Organic–Inorganic 31410.5.3 Organic–Organic 31410.6 Membrane Separators 31510.7 Electrochemical Characterization of an SFB 32310.7.1 Performance Evaluation 32310.7.2 State of Charge 32610.7.3 cv Measurements 32710.7.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 32810.7.5 Mott–Schottky Methods 33210.8 Conclusion 334References 33611 Perovskite-Based Photo-Supercapacitors as Self-Charging and Energy Storage Devices 351Muhamad Yudatama Perdana, Abdurrahman Imam, Mohammed Ashraf Gondal, Ahmar Ali and Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed11.1 Introduction 35211.2 Perovskite Materials 35311.2.1 Classification of MHPs 35311.2.1.1 By Composition 35311.2.1.2 By Dimensionality 35711.2.1.3 By Crystal Symmetry 35811.2.1.4 By Stability 35811.2.2 Perovskite Properties as a Light Absorber 35811.2.2.1 High Absorption Coefficients 35811.2.2.2 Bandgap Tunability 35911.2.2.3 High Charge Carrier Mobility 36011.2.2.4 Long Carrier Diffusion Lengths (Ldiff) 36211.3 Perovskite Materials for Photo-Supercapacitor 36411.4 Some Studies on Light-Induced SC 36611.4.1 Work Mechanism under Dark Condition 36611.4.2 Working Principle under Light Environment 36711.4.3 Electrochemical Analysis on Photo-Supercapacitor 36811.5 Conclusions 378Acknowledgment 379References 37912 Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Perovskite Materials 389Tanuj Kumar and Monojit Bag12.1 Introduction 39012.2 Storage Mechanism of the SCs 39312.2.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 39412.2.2 Pseudocapacitors 39612.2.3 Hybrid SCs 39612.3 Type of Integration of PV Unit with the SCs 39612.3.1 Conventional Integration (External Integration, Isolated Integration) 39612.3.2 Monolithic Integration (Advance Integration) 39812.4 Characteristic Parameters in Photo-Supercapacitors 39812.4.1 Parameters Used for the Storage Unit (SCs) 39812.4.1.1 Using the Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD) Cycles 39812.4.1.2 Using the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Curve 39912.4.1.3 Using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 40012.4.2 Parameters Used for the PVs 40012.4.3 Parameters Used for the Integrated Device 40112.5 External Integration 40112.6 Monolithic Integration 40412.6.1 Three-Electrode Integration 40412.6.1.1 Organometal Halide Perovskite (OHP) Based PV Integration 40412.6.1.2 Mixed-Halide Mixed-Cation Perovskite (MCMHs) Based PV Integration: Impact of the ETL on the Overall Storage Conversion Efficiency 40612.6.1.3 All-Inorganic Perovskite (AIP) Based PV Integration 40812.6.1.4 All Transparent Electrode-Based Integration for the Application of Pvcc 41112.7 Two-Electrode Integration 41112.7.1 Non-Flexible Integrated Device 41112.7.2 Flexible Integrated Device 41212.8 Photorechargeable SC (Dual Functional Electrode) 41312.9 Applications of the Integrated Photo-Supercapacitors 41512.10 Conclusion 415References 416Index 423