Hydrogen Storage Technologies

Mehmet Sankir received his PhD degree in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. He is a Full Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey and group leader of Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. Dr. Sankir has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation and desalination. Nurdan Demirci Sankir is an Associate Professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her MEng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU. Nurdan has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of photovoltaic devices, solution based thin film manufacturing, solar driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation and nanostructured semiconductors.

• Preface xiiiPart I: Chemical and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage 11 Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compression Systems – Materials, Applications and Numerical Analysis 3Evangelos I. Gkanas and Martin Khzouz1.1 Introduction 31.2 Adoption of a Hydrogen-Based Economy 41.2.1 Climate Change and Pollution 41.2.2 Toward a Hydrogen-Based Future 41.2.3 Hydrogen Storage 51.2.3.1 Compressed Hydrogen Storage 51.2.3.2 Hydrogen Storage in Liquid Form 51.2.3.3 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage 61.3 Hydrogen Compression Technologies 61.3.1 Reciprocating Piston Compressor 71.3.2 Ionic Liquid Piston Compressor 81.3.3 Piston-Metal Diaphragm Compressor 91.3.4 Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor 91.4 Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compressors (MHHC) 111.4.1 Operation of a Two-Stage MHHC 111.4.2 Metal Hydrides 141.4.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Metal Hydride Formation 141.4.3.1 Pressure-Composition-Temperature (P-c-T) Properties 141.4.3.2 Slope and Hysteresis 161.4.4 Material Challenges for MHHCs 171.4.4.1 AB5 Intermetallics 181.4.4.2 AB2 Intermetallics 191.4.4.3 TiFe-Based AB-Type Intermetallics 191.4.4.4 Vanadium-Based BCC Solid Solution Alloys 191.5 Numerical Analysis of a Multistage MHHC System 201.5.1 Assumptions 201.5.2 Physical Model and Geometries 211.5.3 Heat Equation 221.5.4 Hydrogen Mass Balance 221.5.5 Momentum Equation 231.5.6 Kinetic Expressions for the Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation 231.5.7 Equilibrium Pressure 241.5.8 Coupled Mass and Energy Balance 241.5.9 Validation of the Numerical Model 251.5.10 Material Selection for a Three-Stage MHHC 261.5.11 Temperature Evolution of the Complete Three-Stage Compression Cycle 271.5.12 Pressure and Storage Capacity Evolution During the Complete Three-Stage Compression Cycle 291.5.13 Importance of the Number of Stages and Proper Selection 311.6 Conclusions 32Acknowledgments 32Nomenclature 32References 332 Nitrogen-Based Hydrogen Storage Systems: A Detailed Overview 39Ankur Jain, Takayuki Ichikawa and Shivani Agarwal2.1 Introduction 402.2 Amide/Imide Systems 412.2.1 Single-Cation Amide/Imide Systems 412.2.1.1 Lithium Amide/Imide 412.2.1.2 Sodium Amide/Imide 442.2.1.3 Magnesium Amide/Imide 472.2.1.4 Calcium Amide/Imide 492.2.2 Double-Cation Amide/Imide Systems 512.2.2.1 Li-Na-N-H 522.2.2.2 Li-Mg-N-H 542.2.2.3 Other Double-Cation Amides/Imides 582.3 Ammonia (NH3) as Hydrogen Storage Media 622.3.1 NH3 Synthesis 632.3.1.1 Catalytic NH3 Synthesis Using Haber-Bosch Process 632.3.1.2 Alternative Routes for NH3 Synthesis 682.3.2 NH3 Solid-State Storage 692.3.2.1 Metal Ammine Salts 692.3.2.2 Ammine Metal Borohydride 702.3.3 NH3 Decomposition 712.3.4 Application of NH3 to Fuel Cell 732.4 Future Prospects 74References 753 Nanostructured Mg-Based Hydrogen Storage Materials: Synthesis and Properties 89Huaiyu Shao, Xiubo Xie, Jianding Li, Bo Li, Tong Liu and Xingguo Li3.1 Introduction 903.2 Experimental Details 923.2.1 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 923.2.2 Formation of the Nanostructured Hydrides and Alloys 933.2.3 Characterization and Measurements 933.3 Synthesis Results of the Nanostructured Samples 943.4 Hydrogen Absorption Kinetics 983.5 Hydrogen Storage Thermodynamics 993.6 Novel Mg-TM (TM=V, Zn, Al) Nanocomposites 1033.6.1 Introduction 1033.6.2 Structure and Morphology of Mg-TM Nanocomposites 1053.6.3 Hydrogen Absorption Kinetics 1073.6.4 Phase Evolution During Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation 1083.6.5 Summary 1093.7 Summary and Prospects 110Acknowledgments 111References 1114 Hydrogen Storage in Ti/Zr-Based Amorphous and Quasicrystal Alloys 117Akito Takasaki, Łukasz Gondek, Joanna Czub, Alicja Klimkowicz, Antoni Żywczak and Konrad Świerczek4.1 Introduction 1184.2 Production of Ti/Zr-Based Amorphous and Quasicrystals Alloys 1194.3 Hydrogen Storage in T-Zr-Based Amorphous Alloys 1244.3.1 Gaseous Hydrogenation 1244.3.2 Electrochemical Hydrogenation 1294.4 Hydrogen Storage in the Ti/Zr-Based Quasicrystal Alloys 1304.4.1 Gaseous Hydrogenation 1314.4.2 Electrochemical Hydrogenation 1334.5 Comparison of Amorphous and Quasicrystal Phases on the Hydrogen Properties 1404.6 Conclusions 141References 1425 Electrochemical Method of Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation of Metal Hydrides 147N.E. Galushkin, N.N. Yazvinskaya and D.N. Galushkin5.1 Introduction 1485.2 Electrochemical Method of Hydrogenation of Metal Hydrides 1515.2.1 Hydrogen Accumulation in Electrodes of Cadmium-Nickel Batteries Based on Electrochemical Method 1515.2.2 Hydrogen Accumulation in Sintered Nickel Matrix of Oxide-Nickel Electrode 1555.2.2.1 Active Substance of Oxide-Nickel Electrodes 1555.2.2.2 Sintered Nickel Matrices of Oxide-Nickel Electrodes 1575.3 Electrochemical Method of Dehydrogenation of Metal Hydrides 1615.3.1 Introduction 1615.3.2 Thermal Runaway as the New Method of Hydrogen Desorption from Hydrides 1645.3.2.1 Thermo-Chemical Method of Hydrogen Desorption 1645.3.2.2 Thermal Runaway: A New Method of Hydrogen Desorption from Metal Hydrides 1645.4 Discussion 1665.5 Conclusions 172References 173Part II: Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Storage 1776 Activated Carbon for Hydrogen Storage Obtained from Agro-Industrial Waste 179Yesid Murillo-Acevedo, Paola Rodríguez-Estupiñán, Liliana Giraldo Gutiérrez and Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján6.1 Introduction 1806.2 Experimental 1826.3 Results and Discussion 1836.4 Conclusions 192Acknowledgments 193References 1937 Carbonaceous Materials in Hydrogen Storage 197R. Pedicini, I. Gatto, M. F. Gatto and E. Passalacqua7.1 Introduction 1987.2 Materials Consisting of Only Carbon Atoms 1997.2.1 Graphite 1997.2.2 Carbon Nanofibers 2007.2.3 Carbon Nanostructures 2027.2.4 Graphene 2037.2.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Carbon Multi-Walled Nanotubes (MWCNTs) 2037.3 Materials Containing Carbon and Other Light Elements 2057.3.1 Polyaniline (PANI), Polypyrrole (PPy) and Polythiophene (PTh) 2067.3.2 Hyperbranched Polyurea (P-Urea) and Poly(Amide-Amine) (PAMAM) 2077.3.3 Microporous Polymers (PIMs) 2077.3.4 Conjugated Microporous Polymers (CMPs) 2087.3.5 Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers (HCPs) 2097.3.6 Porous Aromatic Frameworks (PAFs) 2097.4 Composite Materials Made by Polymeric Matrix 2107.4.1 Composite Poly(Amide-Amine) (PAMAM) 2117.4.2 Polymer-Dispersed Metal Hydrides (PDMHs) 2117.4.3 Mn Oxide Anchored to a Polymeric Matrix 2127.5 Waste and Natural Materials 2177.6 Conclusions 220References 2238 Beneficial Effects of Graphene on Hydrogen Uptake and Release from Light Hydrogen Storage Materials 229Rohit R Shahi8.1 Introduction 2308.2 General Aspects of Graphene 2328.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene 2338.2.1.1 Mechanical Cleavage of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite 2338.2.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 2338.2.1.3 Chemical and Thermal Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide 2348.2.1.4 Arc Discharge Method 2348.2.2 Graphene as a Beneficial Additive for HS Materials 2348.3 Beneficial Effect of Graphene: Key Results with Light Metal Hydrides (e.g., LiBH4, NaAlH4, MgH2) 2368.3.1 Borohydrides (Tetrahydroborate) as HS Material 2368.3.1.1 Effect of Graphene on Desorption Properties of LiBH4 2378.4 Alanates as HS Materials 2398.4.1 Effect of Graphene on Sorption Behavior of NaAlH4 2408.4.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-Assisted Morphological Tuning of NaAlH4 to Improve Thermodynamics and Kinetics 2428.5 Magnesium Hydride as HS Material 2438.5.1 Catalytic Effect of Graphene on Sorption Behavior of Mg/MgH2 2448.5.2 Nanoparticles Templated Graphene as an Additive for MgH2 2468.6 Summary and Future Prospects 253Acknowledgment 254References 2549 Hydrogen Adsorption on Nanotextured Carbon Materials 263G. Sdanghi, G. Maranzana, A. Celzard and V. Fierro9.1 Introduction 2649.1.1 Essential Features of Hydrogen Adsorption on Porous Carbon Materials 2649.1.2 Measurement of the Hydrogen Storage Capacity 2679.1.3 Excess, Absolute and Total Hydrogen Adsorption 2689.2 Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Materials 2709.2.1 Activated Carbons 2709.2.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 2739.2.2.1 Graphene 2739.2.2.2 Fullerenes 2769.2.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 2769.2.2.4 Carbon Nanofibers 2799.2.3 Templated Carbons 2829.2.3.1 Zeolite- and Silica-Derived Carbons 2829.2.3.2 MOFs-Derived Carbons 2849.2.4 Other Carbon Materials 2899.2.4.1 Carbide-Derived Carbons 2899.2.4.2 Hybrid Carbon-MOF Materials 2899.2.4.3 Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers–Derived Carbons 2919.2.4.4 Carbon Nanorods, Nanohorns and Nanospheres 2919.2.4.5 Carbon Nitrides 2939.2.4.6 Carbon Aerogels 2939.2.4.7 Other Exotic Carbon Materials 2949.3 Conclusion 295Acknowledgments 297References 297Appendix 310Index 321