LARS TORSTEN BERGER, PHD, is founder of BreezeSolve, a Valencia-based company offering engineering and consultant services in telecommunications, signal processing, and smart grid. He is currently also directing the R&D Department of Kenus Informática, Paterna, Spain. In his career, Dr. Berger has worked for Daimler-Benz Aerospace, Nortel Networks, Nokia Networks, as well as DS2, and has held faculty positions at Aalborg University, Denmark, and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain. KRZYSZTOF (KRIS) INIEWSKI, PHD, is managing R&D at Redlen Technologies Inc., a start-up company in Vancouver, Canada. Redlen's revolutionary production process for advanced semiconductor materials enables a new generation of more accurate, all-digital, radiation-based imaging solutions. Dr. Iniewski is also Executive Director of CMOS Emerging Technologies. In his career, Dr. Iniewski has held numerous faculty and management positions at the University of Toronto, University of Alberta, SFU, and PMC-Sierra Inc. He has published over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences, holds eighteen international patents, and has written and edited several books.

• Preface xvContributors xviiPart I Applications1 Introduction to Smart Grid Applications 3Xiaoming Feng, James Stoupis, Salman Mohagheghi, and Mats Larsson1.1 Introduction 31.2 Voltage and Var Control and Optimization 51.2.1 Introduction 51.2.2 Devices for Voltage and Var Control 61.2.3 Voltage Drop and Energy Loss in Distribution System 71.2.4 Load Response to Voltage Variations 81.2.5 Benefit Potentials of Voltage and Var Control 91.2.6 Voltage and Var Control Approaches 101.2.7 Communication Requirements 121.2.8 Inclusion of New Controllable Resources 131.2.9 Interaction with Other Applications 141.3 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDIR) 141.3.1 Drivers and Benefits of FDIR 151.3.2 FDIR Background 151.3.3 Field-Based FDIR Schemes 161.3.4 Control Center-Based FDIR Schemes 191.3.5 Reliability: Present and Future 201.4 Demand Response (DR) 211.4.1 Types of DR Programs 221.4.2 Communication Requirements 241.4.3 Statistical Reliability of Demand Response 241.5 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 251.5.1 Operation and Control 261.5.2 Communication Requirements 281.5.3 Sustainable Power Grid 281.6 Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection (WAMCP) 281.6.1 Structure of a Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection System 291.6.2 Overview of WAMCP Applications 341.6.3 Stabilizing and Emergency Control Actions 371.6.4 Implementation Aspects of WAMCP Systems 39References 442 Electric Vehicles as a Driver for Smart Grids 49Nigel Fitzpatrick and Alec Tsang2.1 Introduction 492.2 Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Hybrids 502.3 Hybrids 512.4 The General Electric Delta Car 522.5 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, and Semi and Full-Fuel Cells 532.6 Lithium Ion 562.7 Cell Voltage, Reliability of Stacks, and Impact of Inverters 572.8 Battery Mass Fraction, Energy, Power, Benefits and a Penalty 582.9 Vehicle Classes, Niches, and Constraints 592.10 Messages from Full-Cycle Modeling, Energy Security, and Air Quality 602.11 Market Penetration by Vehicle Niche 602.12 Vehicle Architecture, Key Components, Controls, and Cost 612.13 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) Charging: Levels 1 to 3 622.13.1 Level 1: 125 Volt AC 632.13.2 Level 2: Greater than 125 Volt AC or Greater than 20 amps 632.13.3 Level 3: Charging 642.14 Grid Impacts 642.15 Vehicle to Grid (V2G): A First or Second Order Matter? 662.16 Second Life for Used Vehicle Batteries Grid-Side Instead? 682.17 The City and the Vehicle 692.18 Impact of Electric Drive on Greenhouse Gas Emissions 692.19 Conclusions 70Acknowledgments 71References 713 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 75Hamed Mohsenian-Rad and Alberto Leon-Garcia3.1 Introduction 753.2 Direct and Indirect Demand-Side Management 773.3 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 793.4 Optimal Energy Consumption Scheduling 823.5 Price Prediction 883.6 Managing User-Side Storage and Generation 913.7 Conclusion 92References 924 Power Electronics for Monitoring, Signaling, and Protection 97Wilsun Xu4.1 Introduction 974.2 Power Line Communication 984.2.1 Zero-Crossing Shift Technique 984.2.2 Waveform Distortion Technique 994.2.3 Ripple Signaling Technique 1014.2.4 Summary 1024.3 Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection 1024.3.1 Online Motor Thermal Protection 1034.3.2 Faulted Line Identification in Ungrounded Systems 1044.3.3 Generator Ground Fault Detection 1054.3.4 HVDC Neutral Ground Fault Detection 1074.3.5 Detections of Faults in a De-energized Line 1074.3.6 Summary 1084.4 Active Protection 1094.4.1 Impedance-Based Anti-islanding Protection for Distributed Generators 1094.4.2 Power Line Signaling-Based Transfer Trip Scheme 1104.4.3 PT Ferroresonance Protection 1124.4.4 Summary 1134.5 Power Electronics Signaling Technology 1134.6 Conclusions 115References 116Part II Communications5 Introduction to Smart Grid Communications 121Wenbo Shi and Vincent W. S. Wong5.1 Introduction 1225.2 An Overview of Network Architecture 1245.3 Premises Network 1275.4 Neighborhood Area Network 1315.5 Wide Area Network 1355.6 Standardization Activities 1385.7 Conclusions 141References 1426 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN SMART GRIDS 145Juan José García Fernández, Lars Torsten Berger, Ana García Armada, María Julia Fernández-Getino García, Víctor P. Gil Jiménez, and Troels B. Sørensen6.1 Introduction 1456.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks 1506.2.1 802.15.4 Physical Layer 1516.2.2 802.15.4 Medium Access Control Sublayer 1536.2.3 ZigBee Network Layer 1546.2.4 ZigBee Application Layer 1556.3 Wireless Local Area Networks 1566.3.1 Wi-Fi Physical Layer (PHY) 1576.3.2 Wi-Fi Medium Access Control (MAC) 1606.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks 1626.4.1 The 802.16 Physical Layer 1626.4.2 The 802.16 Medium Access Control Layer 1646.5 Cellular Networks 1656.5.1 Cellular Systems 1656.5.2 Applicability to Machine-to-Machine Communications 1666.5.3 Cellular Characteristics 1676.6 Satellite Communications 1706.6.1 Satellite Orbits 1716.6.2 Satellite Regulations 1736.6.3 Frequency Bands and Propagation Effects 1746.6.4 Satellite Technology and Topology Considerations 1756.6.5 Satellite Communication Standards 1766.6.6 Fixed Satellite Systems 1786.6.7 Mobile Satellite Systems 1806.7 Conclusions 181Acknowledgment 182References 1827 Wireline Communications in Smart Grids 191Lars Torsten Berger7.1 Introduction 1917.2 Phone Line Technology 1957.2.1 DSL Overview 1957.2.2 DSL Scenarios 1967.2.3 ADSL2+ and VDSL2 1997.3 Coaxial Cable Technologies 2017.3.1 Coax Scenarios 2027.3.2 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 2037.4 Power Line Technology 2047.4.1 PLC Scenarios, Channel, and Noise Aspects 2057.4.2 PLC Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2107.4.3 Narrowband PLC 2137.4.4 Broadband PLC 2157.5 Conclusions 220Acknowledgment 220References 2208 Optical Communications in Smart Grids 231Kris Iniewski8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) 2328.3 Wave Length Division Multiplexing (WDM) 2358.4 SONET/SDH 2388.5 Carrier Ethernet 2398.6 Conclusions 241References 2429 Network Layer Aspects of Smart Grid Communications 243Kris Iniewski9.1 Introduction 2439.2 TCP/IP Networks 2449.2.1 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 2449.2.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 2479.2.3 IPv6 2479.2.4 TCP/IP for Wireless Networks 2479.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 2489.4 Conclusions 248References 24910 Smart Grid Sensing, Automation, and Control Protocols 251Wolfgang Mahnke10.1 Introduction 25110.1.1 Communication 25310.1.2 Information Model 25710.2 Protocols and Standards 25910.2.1 IEC 61850 26010.2.2 IEC 61968/IEC 61970 26710.2.3 OPC UA 27210.2.4 DNP3 27910.2.5 BACnet 28010.2.6 OpenADR 28210.2.7 ZigBee 28410.2.8 Other Specifications 28510.3 Conclusions 286References 289Part III security11 Introduction to Smart Grid Cyber Security 295Pedro Marín Fernandes11.1 Introduction 29511.2 Examples 29911.2.1 The North American Example 29911.2.2 The European Example 31411.3 Conclusion 316References 31912 Smart Grid Security Standardization 321Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof12.1 Standardization Activities 32112.2 Smart Grid Security Requirements 32112.3 Security Relevant Regulation and Standardization Activities 32312.3.1 ISO/IEC 32412.3.2 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 32712.3.3 ISA (International Society of Automation) 32712.3.4 CIGRE 32812.3.5 NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) 32812.3.6 National Activities 32912.4 Trends in Energy Automation Security 33212.5 Conclusion 333References 33313 Smart Grid Authentication and Key Management 337Anthony Metke13.1 Introduction and Scope 33713.1.1 Overview of Potential Vulnerabilities 33813.1.2 High Level System Requirements 33913.1.3 Review of Key Management Techniques 34113.2 Authentication and Authorization Issues in the Smart Grid 34713.2.1 Grid to Grid 34713.2.2 AMI 34813.2.3 HAN 34913.3 Architectural Considerations and Recommendations 35013.3.1 Malware Protection 35013.3.2 Device Attestation 35313.3.3 Holistic PKI model 35313.4 Conclusion and Next Steps 358References 360Part IV Case Studies and Field Trials14 Hybrid Wireless–Plc Smart Grid in Rural Greece 365Angeliki M. Sarafi , Athanasios E. Drougas, Petros I. Papaioannou, and Panayotis G. Cottis14.1 Introduction 36514.2 Network Design and Implementation 36614.2.1 PHY and MAC Specifications 36714.2.2 Cell-Based Architecture for W-BPL Networks 36914.2.3 The Network Operating Center (NOC) 36914.2.4 Last-Mile Access 37014.3 Smart-Grid Applications Offered in Larissa 37114.3.1 Grid Monitoring and Operations Optimization 37114.3.2 Demand-Side Management 37314.3.3 Broadband Services 37414.4 Key Lessons Learned 37514.4.1 Issues Related to the Site of the BPL Deployment 37514.4.2 Issues Related to the Condition of MV Grid 37614.4.3 Application Related Issues 37714.5 Conclusions 378References 37915 SMART CHARGING THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLEET 381Peter Bach Andersen, Einar Bragi Hauksson, Anders Bro Pedersen, Dieter Gantenbein, Bernhard Jansen, Claus Amtrup Andersen, and Jacob Dall15.1 Introduction 38115.2 The Fleet Operator as a New Conceptual Role 38215.2.1 Fleet Operator Interaction with Grid and Market Stakeholders 38215.2.2 The Objective of the Fleet Operator 38415.2.3 ICT Architecture Setup and Requirements 38515.3 EDISON and the Use of Standards 38615.3.1 Standards Between Electric Vehicle and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment: IEC 61851 and ISO/IEC 15118 38715.3.2 Standard Between Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment and Fleet Operator: IEC 61850 38815.4 Smart Charging Communication Components 39015.4.1 The IEC 61850 Server 39015.4.2 The EDISON VPP 39215.4.3 The EDISON I/O Board 39415.5 Charging Infrastructure Communication 39415.5.1 Interface Connecting EV to EVSE 39515.5.2 Interface Connecting EVSE to Fleet Operator 39615.5.3 Interface Connecting EV User to Fleet Operator 39915.6 Demonstration 40015.6.1 End-to-End Demonstration: From EV to Operator Panel 40015.6.2 Physical Demonstration Assets 40115.6.3 A Large-Scale Virtual Fleet 40215.7 Conclusion and Future Work 403References 40616 Real-Time Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters 409Wenyuan Li, Paul Choudhury, and Jun Sun16.1 Introduction 40916.2 Basic Concepts 41016.3 Filtering Invalid Measurements 41216.4 Estimating Parameters Rij, Xij, and Y 41416.5 Simulation Results 41716.5.1 Estimating Parameters of a Line inIEEE 118-Bus System, 41816.5.2 Estimating Parameters of a Line in BC Hydro System 41816.6 Conclusions 421References 42617 Wamcp Study: Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control 429Mats Larsson17.1 Wide-Area Voltage Stability Protection 42917.1.1 Power System State Prediction and Optimization 43017.1.2 Heuristic Tree Search 43117.1.3 Voltage Stability Protection Based on Local Measurements 43317.1.4 Test Network 43317.1.5 Scenarios and Simulation Results 43617.2 Conclusion 440References 44018 Secure Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances 443Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof18.1 Introduction 44318.2 Challenges in the Smart Grid 44418.3 Access Control and Authorization for Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances 44618.3.1 ASIA: Operation in Session Invocation Mode 44818.3.2 ASIA: Operation in Redirect Mode 44918.3.3 ASIA: Operation in Proxy Mode 45018.3.4 ASIA Mode Comparison 451Index 455

“I highly recommend the very complete reference book http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118004396.html" Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security, edited by Lars T. Berger, Ph.D., and Krzysztof Iniewski, Ph.D., to any engineers, power utility executives, business leaders, policy makers, government officials, and engineering students who are seeking a useful overview of the various aspects of the smart grid and its impact. This book will provide the essential foundation to understanding the smart grid, and will lead to further more specialized research and study as well.” (Blog Business World, 2012)

LARS TORSTEN BERGER, PHD, is founder of BreezeSolve, a Valencia-based company offering engineering and consultant services in telecommunications, signal processing, and smart grid. He is currently also directing the R&D Department of Kenus Informática, Paterna, Spain. In his career, Dr. Berger has worked for Daimler-Benz Aerospace, Nortel Networks, Nokia Networks, as well as DS2, and has held faculty positions at Aalborg University, Denmark, and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain. KRZYSZTOF (KRIS) INIEWSKI, PHD, is managing R&D at Redlen Technologies Inc., a start-up company in Vancouver, Canada. Redlen's revolutionary production process for advanced semiconductor materials enables a new generation of more accurate, all-digital, radiation-based imaging solutions. Dr. Iniewski is also Executive Director of CMOS Emerging Technologies. In his career, Dr. Iniewski has held numerous faculty and management positions at the University of Toronto, University of Alberta, SFU, and PMC-Sierra Inc. He has published over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences, holds eighteen international patents, and has written and edited several books.

• Preface xvContributors xviiPart I Applications1 Introduction to Smart Grid Applications 3Xiaoming Feng, James Stoupis, Salman Mohagheghi, and Mats Larsson1.1 Introduction 31.2 Voltage and Var Control and Optimization 51.2.1 Introduction 51.2.2 Devices for Voltage and Var Control 61.2.3 Voltage Drop and Energy Loss in Distribution System 71.2.4 Load Response to Voltage Variations 81.2.5 Benefit Potentials of Voltage and Var Control 91.2.6 Voltage and Var Control Approaches 101.2.7 Communication Requirements 121.2.8 Inclusion of New Controllable Resources 131.2.9 Interaction with Other Applications 141.3 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDIR) 141.3.1 Drivers and Benefits of FDIR 151.3.2 FDIR Background 151.3.3 Field-Based FDIR Schemes 161.3.4 Control Center-Based FDIR Schemes 191.3.5 Reliability: Present and Future 201.4 Demand Response (DR) 211.4.1 Types of DR Programs 221.4.2 Communication Requirements 241.4.3 Statistical Reliability of Demand Response 241.5 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 251.5.1 Operation and Control 261.5.2 Communication Requirements 281.5.3 Sustainable Power Grid 281.6 Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection (WAMCP) 281.6.1 Structure of a Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection System 291.6.2 Overview of WAMCP Applications 341.6.3 Stabilizing and Emergency Control Actions 371.6.4 Implementation Aspects of WAMCP Systems 39References 442 Electric Vehicles as a Driver for Smart Grids 49Nigel Fitzpatrick and Alec Tsang2.1 Introduction 492.2 Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Hybrids 502.3 Hybrids 512.4 The General Electric Delta Car 522.5 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, and Semi and Full-Fuel Cells 532.6 Lithium Ion 562.7 Cell Voltage, Reliability of Stacks, and Impact of Inverters 572.8 Battery Mass Fraction, Energy, Power, Benefits and a Penalty 582.9 Vehicle Classes, Niches, and Constraints 592.10 Messages from Full-Cycle Modeling, Energy Security, and Air Quality 602.11 Market Penetration by Vehicle Niche 602.12 Vehicle Architecture, Key Components, Controls, and Cost 612.13 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) Charging: Levels 1 to 3 622.13.1 Level 1: 125 Volt AC 632.13.2 Level 2: Greater than 125 Volt AC or Greater than 20 amps 632.13.3 Level 3: Charging 642.14 Grid Impacts 642.15 Vehicle to Grid (V2G): A First or Second Order Matter? 662.16 Second Life for Used Vehicle Batteries Grid-Side Instead? 682.17 The City and the Vehicle 692.18 Impact of Electric Drive on Greenhouse Gas Emissions 692.19 Conclusions 70Acknowledgments 71References 713 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 75Hamed Mohsenian-Rad and Alberto Leon-Garcia3.1 Introduction 753.2 Direct and Indirect Demand-Side Management 773.3 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 793.4 Optimal Energy Consumption Scheduling 823.5 Price Prediction 883.6 Managing User-Side Storage and Generation 913.7 Conclusion 92References 924 Power Electronics for Monitoring, Signaling, and Protection 97Wilsun Xu4.1 Introduction 974.2 Power Line Communication 984.2.1 Zero-Crossing Shift Technique 984.2.2 Waveform Distortion Technique 994.2.3 Ripple Signaling Technique 1014.2.4 Summary 1024.3 Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection 1024.3.1 Online Motor Thermal Protection 1034.3.2 Faulted Line Identification in Ungrounded Systems 1044.3.3 Generator Ground Fault Detection 1054.3.4 HVDC Neutral Ground Fault Detection 1074.3.5 Detections of Faults in a De-energized Line 1074.3.6 Summary 1084.4 Active Protection 1094.4.1 Impedance-Based Anti-islanding Protection for Distributed Generators 1094.4.2 Power Line Signaling-Based Transfer Trip Scheme 1104.4.3 PT Ferroresonance Protection 1124.4.4 Summary 1134.5 Power Electronics Signaling Technology 1134.6 Conclusions 115References 116Part II Communications5 Introduction to Smart Grid Communications 121Wenbo Shi and Vincent W. S. Wong5.1 Introduction 1225.2 An Overview of Network Architecture 1245.3 Premises Network 1275.4 Neighborhood Area Network 1315.5 Wide Area Network 1355.6 Standardization Activities 1385.7 Conclusions 141References 1426 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN SMART GRIDS 145Juan José García Fernández, Lars Torsten Berger, Ana García Armada, María Julia Fernández-Getino García, Víctor P. Gil Jiménez, and Troels B. Sørensen6.1 Introduction 1456.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks 1506.2.1 802.15.4 Physical Layer 1516.2.2 802.15.4 Medium Access Control Sublayer 1536.2.3 ZigBee Network Layer 1546.2.4 ZigBee Application Layer 1556.3 Wireless Local Area Networks 1566.3.1 Wi-Fi Physical Layer (PHY) 1576.3.2 Wi-Fi Medium Access Control (MAC) 1606.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks 1626.4.1 The 802.16 Physical Layer 1626.4.2 The 802.16 Medium Access Control Layer 1646.5 Cellular Networks 1656.5.1 Cellular Systems 1656.5.2 Applicability to Machine-to-Machine Communications 1666.5.3 Cellular Characteristics 1676.6 Satellite Communications 1706.6.1 Satellite Orbits 1716.6.2 Satellite Regulations 1736.6.3 Frequency Bands and Propagation Effects 1746.6.4 Satellite Technology and Topology Considerations 1756.6.5 Satellite Communication Standards 1766.6.6 Fixed Satellite Systems 1786.6.7 Mobile Satellite Systems 1806.7 Conclusions 181Acknowledgment 182References 1827 Wireline Communications in Smart Grids 191Lars Torsten Berger7.1 Introduction 1917.2 Phone Line Technology 1957.2.1 DSL Overview 1957.2.2 DSL Scenarios 1967.2.3 ADSL2+ and VDSL2 1997.3 Coaxial Cable Technologies 2017.3.1 Coax Scenarios 2027.3.2 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 2037.4 Power Line Technology 2047.4.1 PLC Scenarios, Channel, and Noise Aspects 2057.4.2 PLC Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2107.4.3 Narrowband PLC 2137.4.4 Broadband PLC 2157.5 Conclusions 220Acknowledgment 220References 2208 Optical Communications in Smart Grids 231Kris Iniewski8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) 2328.3 Wave Length Division Multiplexing (WDM) 2358.4 SONET/SDH 2388.5 Carrier Ethernet 2398.6 Conclusions 241References 2429 Network Layer Aspects of Smart Grid Communications 243Kris Iniewski9.1 Introduction 2439.2 TCP/IP Networks 2449.2.1 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 2449.2.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 2479.2.3 IPv6 2479.2.4 TCP/IP for Wireless Networks 2479.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 2489.4 Conclusions 248References 24910 Smart Grid Sensing, Automation, and Control Protocols 251Wolfgang Mahnke10.1 Introduction 25110.1.1 Communication 25310.1.2 Information Model 25710.2 Protocols and Standards 25910.2.1 IEC 61850 26010.2.2 IEC 61968/IEC 61970 26710.2.3 OPC UA 27210.2.4 DNP3 27910.2.5 BACnet 28010.2.6 OpenADR 28210.2.7 ZigBee 28410.2.8 Other Specifications 28510.3 Conclusions 286References 289Part III security11 Introduction to Smart Grid Cyber Security 295Pedro Marín Fernandes11.1 Introduction 29511.2 Examples 29911.2.1 The North American Example 29911.2.2 The European Example 31411.3 Conclusion 316References 31912 Smart Grid Security Standardization 321Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof12.1 Standardization Activities 32112.2 Smart Grid Security Requirements 32112.3 Security Relevant Regulation and Standardization Activities 32312.3.1 ISO/IEC 32412.3.2 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 32712.3.3 ISA (International Society of Automation) 32712.3.4 CIGRE 32812.3.5 NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) 32812.3.6 National Activities 32912.4 Trends in Energy Automation Security 33212.5 Conclusion 333References 33313 Smart Grid Authentication and Key Management 337Anthony Metke13.1 Introduction and Scope 33713.1.1 Overview of Potential Vulnerabilities 33813.1.2 High Level System Requirements 33913.1.3 Review of Key Management Techniques 34113.2 Authentication and Authorization Issues in the Smart Grid 34713.2.1 Grid to Grid 34713.2.2 AMI 34813.2.3 HAN 34913.3 Architectural Considerations and Recommendations 35013.3.1 Malware Protection 35013.3.2 Device Attestation 35313.3.3 Holistic PKI model 35313.4 Conclusion and Next Steps 358References 360Part IV Case Studies and Field Trials14 Hybrid Wireless–Plc Smart Grid in Rural Greece 365Angeliki M. Sarafi , Athanasios E. Drougas, Petros I. Papaioannou, and Panayotis G. Cottis14.1 Introduction 36514.2 Network Design and Implementation 36614.2.1 PHY and MAC Specifications 36714.2.2 Cell-Based Architecture for W-BPL Networks 36914.2.3 The Network Operating Center (NOC) 36914.2.4 Last-Mile Access 37014.3 Smart-Grid Applications Offered in Larissa 37114.3.1 Grid Monitoring and Operations Optimization 37114.3.2 Demand-Side Management 37314.3.3 Broadband Services 37414.4 Key Lessons Learned 37514.4.1 Issues Related to the Site of the BPL Deployment 37514.4.2 Issues Related to the Condition of MV Grid 37614.4.3 Application Related Issues 37714.5 Conclusions 378References 37915 SMART CHARGING THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLEET 381Peter Bach Andersen, Einar Bragi Hauksson, Anders Bro Pedersen, Dieter Gantenbein, Bernhard Jansen, Claus Amtrup Andersen, and Jacob Dall15.1 Introduction 38115.2 The Fleet Operator as a New Conceptual Role 38215.2.1 Fleet Operator Interaction with Grid and Market Stakeholders 38215.2.2 The Objective of the Fleet Operator 38415.2.3 ICT Architecture Setup and Requirements 38515.3 EDISON and the Use of Standards 38615.3.1 Standards Between Electric Vehicle and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment: IEC 61851 and ISO/IEC 15118 38715.3.2 Standard Between Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment and Fleet Operator: IEC 61850 38815.4 Smart Charging Communication Components 39015.4.1 The IEC 61850 Server 39015.4.2 The EDISON VPP 39215.4.3 The EDISON I/O Board 39415.5 Charging Infrastructure Communication 39415.5.1 Interface Connecting EV to EVSE 39515.5.2 Interface Connecting EVSE to Fleet Operator 39615.5.3 Interface Connecting EV User to Fleet Operator 39915.6 Demonstration 40015.6.1 End-to-End Demonstration: From EV to Operator Panel 40015.6.2 Physical Demonstration Assets 40115.6.3 A Large-Scale Virtual Fleet 40215.7 Conclusion and Future Work 403References 40616 Real-Time Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters 409Wenyuan Li, Paul Choudhury, and Jun Sun16.1 Introduction 40916.2 Basic Concepts 41016.3 Filtering Invalid Measurements 41216.4 Estimating Parameters Rij, Xij, and Y 41416.5 Simulation Results 41716.5.1 Estimating Parameters of a Line inIEEE 118-Bus System, 41816.5.2 Estimating Parameters of a Line in BC Hydro System 41816.6 Conclusions 421References 42617 Wamcp Study: Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control 429Mats Larsson17.1 Wide-Area Voltage Stability Protection 42917.1.1 Power System State Prediction and Optimization 43017.1.2 Heuristic Tree Search 43117.1.3 Voltage Stability Protection Based on Local Measurements 43317.1.4 Test Network 43317.1.5 Scenarios and Simulation Results 43617.2 Conclusion 440References 44018 Secure Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances 443Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof18.1 Introduction 44318.2 Challenges in the Smart Grid 44418.3 Access Control and Authorization for Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances 44618.3.1 ASIA: Operation in Session Invocation Mode 44818.3.2 ASIA: Operation in Redirect Mode 44918.3.3 ASIA: Operation in Proxy Mode 45018.3.4 ASIA Mode Comparison 451Index 455

“I highly recommend the very complete reference book http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118004396.html" Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security, edited by Lars T. Berger, Ph.D., and Krzysztof Iniewski, Ph.D., to any engineers, power utility executives, business leaders, policy makers, government officials, and engineering students who are seeking a useful overview of the various aspects of the smart grid and its impact. This book will provide the essential foundation to understanding the smart grid, and will lead to further more specialized research and study as well.” (Blog Business World, 2012)

LARS TORSTEN BERGER, PHD, is founder of BreezeSolve, a Valencia-based company offering engineering and consultant services in telecommunications, signal processing, and smart grid. He is currently also directing the R&D Department of Kenus Informática, Paterna, Spain. In his career, Dr. Berger has worked for Daimler-Benz Aerospace, Nortel Networks, Nokia Networks, as well as DS2, and has held faculty positions at Aalborg University, Denmark, and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain. KRZYSZTOF (KRIS) INIEWSKI, PHD, is managing R&D at Redlen Technologies Inc., a start-up company in Vancouver, Canada. Redlen's revolutionary production process for advanced semiconductor materials enables a new generation of more accurate, all-digital, radiation-based imaging solutions. Dr. Iniewski is also Executive Director of CMOS Emerging Technologies. In his career, Dr. Iniewski has held numerous faculty and management positions at the University of Toronto, University of Alberta, SFU, and PMC-Sierra Inc. He has published over 100 research papers in international journals and conferences, holds eighteen international patents, and has written and edited several books.

• Preface xvContributors xviiPart I Applications1 Introduction to Smart Grid Applications 3Xiaoming Feng, James Stoupis, Salman Mohagheghi, and Mats Larsson1.1 Introduction 31.2 Voltage and Var Control and Optimization 51.2.1 Introduction 51.2.2 Devices for Voltage and Var Control 61.2.3 Voltage Drop and Energy Loss in Distribution System 71.2.4 Load Response to Voltage Variations 81.2.5 Benefit Potentials of Voltage and Var Control 91.2.6 Voltage and Var Control Approaches 101.2.7 Communication Requirements 121.2.8 Inclusion of New Controllable Resources 131.2.9 Interaction with Other Applications 141.3 Fault Detection, Isolation, and Restoration (FDIR) 141.3.1 Drivers and Benefits of FDIR 151.3.2 FDIR Background 151.3.3 Field-Based FDIR Schemes 161.3.4 Control Center-Based FDIR Schemes 191.3.5 Reliability: Present and Future 201.4 Demand Response (DR) 211.4.1 Types of DR Programs 221.4.2 Communication Requirements 241.4.3 Statistical Reliability of Demand Response 241.5 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 251.5.1 Operation and Control 261.5.2 Communication Requirements 281.5.3 Sustainable Power Grid 281.6 Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection (WAMCP) 281.6.1 Structure of a Wide-Area Monitoring, Control, and Protection System 291.6.2 Overview of WAMCP Applications 341.6.3 Stabilizing and Emergency Control Actions 371.6.4 Implementation Aspects of WAMCP Systems 39References 442 Electric Vehicles as a Driver for Smart Grids 49Nigel Fitzpatrick and Alec Tsang2.1 Introduction 492.2 Plug-In Electric Vehicles and Hybrids 502.3 Hybrids 512.4 The General Electric Delta Car 522.5 Batteries, Ultracapacitors, and Semi and Full-Fuel Cells 532.6 Lithium Ion 562.7 Cell Voltage, Reliability of Stacks, and Impact of Inverters 572.8 Battery Mass Fraction, Energy, Power, Benefits and a Penalty 582.9 Vehicle Classes, Niches, and Constraints 592.10 Messages from Full-Cycle Modeling, Energy Security, and Air Quality 602.11 Market Penetration by Vehicle Niche 602.12 Vehicle Architecture, Key Components, Controls, and Cost 612.13 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) Charging: Levels 1 to 3 622.13.1 Level 1: 125 Volt AC 632.13.2 Level 2: Greater than 125 Volt AC or Greater than 20 amps 632.13.3 Level 3: Charging 642.14 Grid Impacts 642.15 Vehicle to Grid (V2G): A First or Second Order Matter? 662.16 Second Life for Used Vehicle Batteries Grid-Side Instead? 682.17 The City and the Vehicle 692.18 Impact of Electric Drive on Greenhouse Gas Emissions 692.19 Conclusions 70Acknowledgments 71References 713 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 75Hamed Mohsenian-Rad and Alberto Leon-Garcia3.1 Introduction 753.2 Direct and Indirect Demand-Side Management 773.3 Autonomous Demand-Side Management 793.4 Optimal Energy Consumption Scheduling 823.5 Price Prediction 883.6 Managing User-Side Storage and Generation 913.7 Conclusion 92References 924 Power Electronics for Monitoring, Signaling, and Protection 97Wilsun Xu4.1 Introduction 974.2 Power Line Communication 984.2.1 Zero-Crossing Shift Technique 984.2.2 Waveform Distortion Technique 994.2.3 Ripple Signaling Technique 1014.2.4 Summary 1024.3 Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection 1024.3.1 Online Motor Thermal Protection 1034.3.2 Faulted Line Identification in Ungrounded Systems 1044.3.3 Generator Ground Fault Detection 1054.3.4 HVDC Neutral Ground Fault Detection 1074.3.5 Detections of Faults in a De-energized Line 1074.3.6 Summary 1084.4 Active Protection 1094.4.1 Impedance-Based Anti-islanding Protection for Distributed Generators 1094.4.2 Power Line Signaling-Based Transfer Trip Scheme 1104.4.3 PT Ferroresonance Protection 1124.4.4 Summary 1134.5 Power Electronics Signaling Technology 1134.6 Conclusions 115References 116Part II Communications5 Introduction to Smart Grid Communications 121Wenbo Shi and Vincent W. S. Wong5.1 Introduction 1225.2 An Overview of Network Architecture 1245.3 Premises Network 1275.4 Neighborhood Area Network 1315.5 Wide Area Network 1355.6 Standardization Activities 1385.7 Conclusions 141References 1426 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS IN SMART GRIDS 145Juan José García Fernández, Lars Torsten Berger, Ana García Armada, María Julia Fernández-Getino García, Víctor P. Gil Jiménez, and Troels B. Sørensen6.1 Introduction 1456.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks 1506.2.1 802.15.4 Physical Layer 1516.2.2 802.15.4 Medium Access Control Sublayer 1536.2.3 ZigBee Network Layer 1546.2.4 ZigBee Application Layer 1556.3 Wireless Local Area Networks 1566.3.1 Wi-Fi Physical Layer (PHY) 1576.3.2 Wi-Fi Medium Access Control (MAC) 1606.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks 1626.4.1 The 802.16 Physical Layer 1626.4.2 The 802.16 Medium Access Control Layer 1646.5 Cellular Networks 1656.5.1 Cellular Systems 1656.5.2 Applicability to Machine-to-Machine Communications 1666.5.3 Cellular Characteristics 1676.6 Satellite Communications 1706.6.1 Satellite Orbits 1716.6.2 Satellite Regulations 1736.6.3 Frequency Bands and Propagation Effects 1746.6.4 Satellite Technology and Topology Considerations 1756.6.5 Satellite Communication Standards 1766.6.6 Fixed Satellite Systems 1786.6.7 Mobile Satellite Systems 1806.7 Conclusions 181Acknowledgment 182References 1827 Wireline Communications in Smart Grids 191Lars Torsten Berger7.1 Introduction 1917.2 Phone Line Technology 1957.2.1 DSL Overview 1957.2.2 DSL Scenarios 1967.2.3 ADSL2+ and VDSL2 1997.3 Coaxial Cable Technologies 2017.3.1 Coax Scenarios 2027.3.2 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 2037.4 Power Line Technology 2047.4.1 PLC Scenarios, Channel, and Noise Aspects 2057.4.2 PLC Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2107.4.3 Narrowband PLC 2137.4.4 Broadband PLC 2157.5 Conclusions 220Acknowledgment 220References 2208 Optical Communications in Smart Grids 231Kris Iniewski8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) 2328.3 Wave Length Division Multiplexing (WDM) 2358.4 SONET/SDH 2388.5 Carrier Ethernet 2398.6 Conclusions 241References 2429 Network Layer Aspects of Smart Grid Communications 243Kris Iniewski9.1 Introduction 2439.2 TCP/IP Networks 2449.2.1 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 2449.2.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 2479.2.3 IPv6 2479.2.4 TCP/IP for Wireless Networks 2479.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 2489.4 Conclusions 248References 24910 Smart Grid Sensing, Automation, and Control Protocols 251Wolfgang Mahnke10.1 Introduction 25110.1.1 Communication 25310.1.2 Information Model 25710.2 Protocols and Standards 25910.2.1 IEC 61850 26010.2.2 IEC 61968/IEC 61970 26710.2.3 OPC UA 27210.2.4 DNP3 27910.2.5 BACnet 28010.2.6 OpenADR 28210.2.7 ZigBee 28410.2.8 Other Specifications 28510.3 Conclusions 286References 289Part III security11 Introduction to Smart Grid Cyber Security 295Pedro Marín Fernandes11.1 Introduction 29511.2 Examples 29911.2.1 The North American Example 29911.2.2 The European Example 31411.3 Conclusion 316References 31912 Smart Grid Security Standardization 321Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof12.1 Standardization Activities 32112.2 Smart Grid Security Requirements 32112.3 Security Relevant Regulation and Standardization Activities 32312.3.1 ISO/IEC 32412.3.2 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 32712.3.3 ISA (International Society of Automation) 32712.3.4 CIGRE 32812.3.5 NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation) 32812.3.6 National Activities 32912.4 Trends in Energy Automation Security 33212.5 Conclusion 333References 33313 Smart Grid Authentication and Key Management 337Anthony Metke13.1 Introduction and Scope 33713.1.1 Overview of Potential Vulnerabilities 33813.1.2 High Level System Requirements 33913.1.3 Review of Key Management Techniques 34113.2 Authentication and Authorization Issues in the Smart Grid 34713.2.1 Grid to Grid 34713.2.2 AMI 34813.2.3 HAN 34913.3 Architectural Considerations and Recommendations 35013.3.1 Malware Protection 35013.3.2 Device Attestation 35313.3.3 Holistic PKI model 35313.4 Conclusion and Next Steps 358References 360Part IV Case Studies and Field Trials14 Hybrid Wireless–Plc Smart Grid in Rural Greece 365Angeliki M. Sarafi , Athanasios E. Drougas, Petros I. Papaioannou, and Panayotis G. Cottis14.1 Introduction 36514.2 Network Design and Implementation 36614.2.1 PHY and MAC Specifications 36714.2.2 Cell-Based Architecture for W-BPL Networks 36914.2.3 The Network Operating Center (NOC) 36914.2.4 Last-Mile Access 37014.3 Smart-Grid Applications Offered in Larissa 37114.3.1 Grid Monitoring and Operations Optimization 37114.3.2 Demand-Side Management 37314.3.3 Broadband Services 37414.4 Key Lessons Learned 37514.4.1 Issues Related to the Site of the BPL Deployment 37514.4.2 Issues Related to the Condition of MV Grid 37614.4.3 Application Related Issues 37714.5 Conclusions 378References 37915 SMART CHARGING THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLEET 381Peter Bach Andersen, Einar Bragi Hauksson, Anders Bro Pedersen, Dieter Gantenbein, Bernhard Jansen, Claus Amtrup Andersen, and Jacob Dall15.1 Introduction 38115.2 The Fleet Operator as a New Conceptual Role 38215.2.1 Fleet Operator Interaction with Grid and Market Stakeholders 38215.2.2 The Objective of the Fleet Operator 38415.2.3 ICT Architecture Setup and Requirements 38515.3 EDISON and the Use of Standards 38615.3.1 Standards Between Electric Vehicle and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment: IEC 61851 and ISO/IEC 15118 38715.3.2 Standard Between Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment and Fleet Operator: IEC 61850 38815.4 Smart Charging Communication Components 39015.4.1 The IEC 61850 Server 39015.4.2 The EDISON VPP 39215.4.3 The EDISON I/O Board 39415.5 Charging Infrastructure Communication 39415.5.1 Interface Connecting EV to EVSE 39515.5.2 Interface Connecting EVSE to Fleet Operator 39615.5.3 Interface Connecting EV User to Fleet Operator 39915.6 Demonstration 40015.6.1 End-to-End Demonstration: From EV to Operator Panel 40015.6.2 Physical Demonstration Assets 40115.6.3 A Large-Scale Virtual Fleet 40215.7 Conclusion and Future Work 403References 40616 Real-Time Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters 409Wenyuan Li, Paul Choudhury, and Jun Sun16.1 Introduction 40916.2 Basic Concepts 41016.3 Filtering Invalid Measurements 41216.4 Estimating Parameters Rij, Xij, and Y 41416.5 Simulation Results 41716.5.1 Estimating Parameters of a Line inIEEE 118-Bus System, 41816.5.2 Estimating Parameters of a Line in BC Hydro System 41816.6 Conclusions 421References 42617 Wamcp Study: Voltage Stability Monitoring and Control 429Mats Larsson17.1 Wide-Area Voltage Stability Protection 42917.1.1 Power System State Prediction and Optimization 43017.1.2 Heuristic Tree Search 43117.1.3 Voltage Stability Protection Based on Local Measurements 43317.1.4 Test Network 43317.1.5 Scenarios and Simulation Results 43617.2 Conclusion 440References 44018 Secure Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances 443Steffen Fries and Hans-Joachim Hof18.1 Introduction 44318.2 Challenges in the Smart Grid 44418.3 Access Control and Authorization for Remote Access to Home Energy Appliances 44618.3.1 ASIA: Operation in Session Invocation Mode 44818.3.2 ASIA: Operation in Redirect Mode 44918.3.3 ASIA: Operation in Proxy Mode 45018.3.4 ASIA Mode Comparison 451Index 455

“I highly recommend the very complete reference book http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118004396.html" Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security, edited by Lars T. Berger, Ph.D., and Krzysztof Iniewski, Ph.D., to any engineers, power utility executives, business leaders, policy makers, government officials, and engineering students who are seeking a useful overview of the various aspects of the smart grid and its impact. This book will provide the essential foundation to understanding the smart grid, and will lead to further more specialized research and study as well.” (Blog Business World, 2012)