Sensors, Cloud, and Fog

Prof. Sudip Misra is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Prior to this he was associated with Cornell University (USA), Yale University (USA), Nortel Networks (Canada) and the Government of Ontario (Canada). He received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Carleton University, in Ottawa, Canada. He has several years of experience working in the academia, government, and the private sectors in research, teaching, consulting, project management, architecture, software design and product engineering roles.His current research interests includes Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Internet of Things (IoT), Computer Networks, Learning Systems, and algorithm design for emerging communication networks. Prof. Misra is the author of over 260 scholarly research papers, including 140+ reputed journal papers. He has won seven research paper awards in different conferences. Recently, he and his students won Samsung Innovation Award and the IEEE ComSoc Student Competition. He was also awarded the IEEE ComSoc Asia Pacific Outstanding Young Researcher Award at IEEE GLOBECOM 2012, Anaheim, California, USA. He was also the recipient of several academic awards and fellowships such as the Young Scientist Award (National Academy of Sciences, India), Young Systems Scientist Award (Systems Society of India), Young Engineers Award (Institution of Engineers, India), (Canadian) Governor General's Academic Gold Medal at Carleton University, the University Outstanding Graduate Student Award in the Doctoral level at Carleton University and the National Academy of Sciences, India - Swarna Jayanti Puraskar (Golden Jubilee Award).Prof. Misra was also awarded the Canadian Government's prestigious NSERC Post Doctoral Fellowship and the Humboldt Research Fellowship in Germany. Prof. Misra has been serving the editorial boards of distinguished journals such as the International Journal of Communication Systems (Wiley) and the IET Wireless Sensor Systems (UK). In the past, he served as the Associate Editor/Editorial Board Member of the Telecommunication Systems Journal (Springer), Security and Communication Networks Journal (Wiley), and the EURASIP Journal of Wireless Communications and Networking, IET Communications Journal, and the Computers and Electrical Engineering Journal (Elsevier).Prof. Misra has published 9 books in the areas of wireless ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, communication networks and distributed systems, network reliability and fault tolerance, and information and coding theory, published by reputed publishers such as Cambridge University Press, Springer, Wiley, and World Scientific. Prof. Misra was invited to chair several international conference/workshop programs and sessions. He served in the program committees of several international conferences. He was also invited to deliver keynote/invited lectures in over 30 international conferences in USA, Canada, Europe, Asia and Africa.Dr. Subhadeep Sarkar is currently a postdoctoral researcher in the MYRIADS project team at INRIA, Rennes, France working with Dr. Christine Morin. His current research interestsinclude Internet of things (IoT), fog and cloud computing, and the various privacy issues in the context. He completed his PhD from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India in 2017 under the supervision of Dr. Sudip Misra. His doctoral research was focused on performance analysis of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) in reference to the IEEE 802.15.6 standardization. His research results have been published in several reputed international journals and conferences. Dr. Sarkar have reviewed numerous manuscripts for reputed international journals and conferences, and served as a TCP member for multiple peer-reviewed conferences. He was also selected as one of the most promising young researcher in computer science to attend the 4th Heidelberg laureate Forum in 2015.Dr. Subarna Chatterjee is a post-doctoral researcher at Inria, Rennes, France. She is a Google Anita Borg Scholar from the Asia Pacific region (2015) and is a Facebook GraceHopper Scholar (2016). She received her Ph.D. as a TCS Research Scholar from the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India in 2017. Her current research interests include big data stream processing, cloud computing, and Internet of Things.

• ContentsForeword ..................................................................................................... xiiiPreface ..........................................................................................................xvAcknowledgments ........................................................................................xixAbout the Authors ........................................................................................xxiPART I INTRODUCTION1 History and Evolution of Cloud Computing .....................................31.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 31.1.1 Classification of Cloud Computing .................................... 41.1.2 Cloud Computing Deployment Models ............................. 41.1.3 Cloud Computing Service Models ...................................... 61.2 Computation in Cloud .................................................................. 71.2.1 Resource Management ........................................................ 81.2.2 Virtualization .................................................................... 111.2.3 Green Computing ............................................................. 161.3 Cloud Applications ...................................................................... 171.4 Summary ..................................................................................... 18Reference ..................................................................................... 192 Sensor Networks and the Cloud ......................................................252.1 Wireless Sensor Networks ............................................................ 262.1.1 Background and Evolution ............................................... 262.1.2 Design of a Sensor Node ................................................... 322.1.3 Applications of Sensor Networks ...................................... 332.1.4 Challenges and Constraints ............................................... 342.2 Unification of WSNs with Cloud: Dawn of a New Era ............... 362.2.1 The Significance of Cloud Computing ............................. 362.2.2 How Does Integration Work? Example Scenarios ............. 372.2.3 Challenges ........................................................................ 402.3 Summary ..................................................................................... 41Reference ..................................................................................... 433 Introduction to the Internet of Things ............................................473.1 Inception and Background ........................................................... 483.1.1 Definition ......................................................................... 483.1.2 Characteristics ................................................................... 503.2 IoT Middleware ........................................................................... 523.3 IoT Applications .......................................................................... 543.3.1 Healthcare ........................................................................ 553.3.2 Smart City Applications .................................................... 553.3.3 Smart Home ..................................................................... 553.3.4 Telecommunication .......................................................... 563.3.5 Supply Chain Management .............................................. 563.4 Open Research Challenges and Future Trends ............................. 563.5 Summary ..................................................................................... 59Reference ..................................................................................... 60PART 2 THE SENSOR-CLOUD PARADIGM4 The Sensor-Cloud vs. Sensors and the Cloud ..................................654.1 What Is the Sensor-Cloud? .......................................................... 664.2 Background of the Sensor-Cloud ................................................. 674.2.1 Motivation of the Sensor-Cloud ....................................... 674.2.2 Actors of the Sensor-Cloud ............................................... 684.2.3 Architecture of the Sensor-Cloud ...................................... 694.2.4 Views of the Sensor-Cloud ................................................ 704.3 Sensor Virtualization .................................................................... 734.3.1 Configurations of Virtualization ....................................... 734.3.2 Characterization of Virtualization ..................................... 744.4 Sensor-Cloud Applications ........................................................... 764.4.1 Case Studies ...................................................................... 764.5 Some Insights .............................................................................. 794.5.1 Performance Metrics ......................................................... 794.5.2 Performance Evaluation .................................................... 814.6 Summary ..................................................................................... 84Reference ..................................................................................... 865 Data Flow in the Sensor-Cloud ........................................................895.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 895.2 Composition of a Virtual Sensor .................................................. 895.2.1 Algorithms for Optimal Composition ............................... 915.2.2 CoV-I: Composition of VS within the Same Region ........ 915.2.3 CoV-II: Composition of VS and VSG acrossMultiple Regions .............................................................. 925.2.4 Performance Evaluation of CoVs ...................................... 935.3 Data Management ....................................................................... 945.3.1 Data Caching .................................................................... 945.3.2 Data Transmission .......................................................... 1015.4 Summary ................................................................................... 110Reference ................................................................................... 1126 Pricing and Networking in the Sensor-Cloud ................................1156.1 Scenario for Pricing .................................................................... 1166.2 The Model for Pricing ............................................................... 1166.2.1 Assumptions of the Model .............................................. 1176.3 pH: Pricing Attributed to Hardware .......................................... 1196.3.1 Selection of the Next Hop Node .................................... 1196.3.2 Context-Aware Pricing .................................................... 1206.4 pI: Pricing Attributed to Infrastructure ...................................... 1216.5 Real-Life Applicability: A Case Study ........................................ 1236.6 Networking ................................................................................ 1236.7 System Description .................................................................... 1266.8 Formal Definition of the Problem .............................................. 1266.9 Complexity Analysis .................................................................. 1296.10 Summary ................................................................................... 130Reference ................................................................................... 1317 Sensor-Cloud for Internet of Things ..............................................1337.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 1337.2 Enabling IoT through Sensor-Cloud .......................................... 1347.2.1 Contributions through Architecture ................................ 1347.2.2 Contributions through Functionalities ............................ 1377.2.3 Contributions through the Life Cycle ............................. 1377.3 Summary ................................................................................... 139Reference ................................................................................... 141PART III FROM THE CORE TO THE EDGE: FOG8 Fog: The Next-Gen Cloud .............................................................1458.1 Introduction to Fog Computing ................................................ 1468.1.1 Where Does Cloud Computing Fall Short? .................... 1478.1.2 Definition ....................................................................... 1498.1.3 Fog versus Other Computing Paradigms ........................ 1518.1.4 Where There Is Fog, There Is Cloud .............................. 1588.2 Characteristics of Fog Computing ............................................. 1608.3 Advantages of Fog Computing ................................................... 1618.4 Summary ................................................................................... 163Reference ................................................................................... 1649 Fog Computing Applications .........................................................1679.1 IoT Applications and Fog Computing ....................................... 1689.2 Fog Applications ........................................................................ 1709.2.1 Healthcare and Well-being ............................................. 1709.2.2 Smart Vehicle Management ............................................ 1739.2.3 Smart City Applications .................................................. 1759.2.4 Smart Data Management ................................................ 1789.2.5 Other Emerging Application Sectors ............................... 1809.3 Summary ................................................................................... 180Reference ................................................................................... 18110 Fog Architecture .............................................................................18710.1 The Comprehensive Framework ................................................ 18710.1.1 Communication and Network Model ........................ 18910.2 Mathematical Model of the System ............................................ 19010.3 Application Agnostic Fog Architectures ...................................... 19510.3.1 Programming Models ................................................. 19610.4 Application-Specific Fog Architectures ....................................... 19910.4.1 Fog Architectures for Healthcare ................................ 19910.4.2 Fog Architectures for Smart City Environments ......... 20310.4.3 Other Application-Specific Fog Architectures ............. 20510.5 Summary ................................................................................... 207Reference ................................................................................... 20811 Towards a “Green”-er Internet of Things ......................................21311.1 Reference Model ........................................................................ 21411.1.1 Assumptions ............................................................... 21511.1.2 Reference Architecture ................................................ 21511.2 Networking Model ..................................................................... 21611.3 Performance Metrics .................................................................. 21811.3.1 Power Consumption ................................................... 21911.3.2 Service Latency ........................................................... 22311.4 A Case Study: Simulation Setup ................................................. 22611.4.1 Network Topology ..................................................... 22611.4.2 Network Traffic .......................................................... 22711.4.3 Performance Metrics ................................................... 22711.5 A Case Study: Performance Evaluation ...................................... 22811.5.1 Service Latency ........................................................... 22811.5.2 Power Consumption ................................................... 22911.5.3 CO2 Emission ............................................................. 23011.5.4 Cost ............................................................................ 23211.6 Summary .................................................................................... 232Reference ................................................................................... 23412 Security in the IoT .........................................................................23712.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 23712.1.1 IoT Security vs. Conventional Security ...................... 23712.1.2 Difference between Security and Privacy .................... 23812.2 Security in the IoT ..................................................................... 23812.2.1 Protocol Stack for the IoT .......................................... 24012.2.2 Security Threats in the IoT ......................................... 24112.3 Misbehavior in M2M Communication ...................................... 24412.3.1 Where Do We Stand? ................................................. 24512.3.2 Problem Scenario ........................................................ 24612.3.3 System Model ............................................................. 24712.3.4 Operation ................................................................... 24712.3.5 Quantitative Results ................................................... 24912.4 Summary .................................................................................... 251Reference ................................................................................... 253Index ...........................................................................................................257