Satellite Technology

Principles and Applications

Inbunden, Engelska, 2014

Av Anil K. Maini, Varsha Agrawal, Anil K Maini

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Fully updated edition of the comprehensive, single-source reference on satellite technology and its applicationsCovering both the technology and its applications, Satellite Technology is a concise reference on satellites for commercial, scientific and military purposes. The book explains satellite technology fully, beginning by offering an introduction to the fundamentals, before covering orbits and trajectories, launch and in-orbit operations, hardware, communication techniques, multiple access techniques, and link design fundamentals. This new edition also includes comprehensive chapters on Satellite Networks and Satellite Technology – Emerging Trends. Providing a complete survey of applications, from remote sensing and military uses, to navigational and scientific applications, the authors also present an inclusive compendium on satellites and satellite launch vehicles. Filled with diagrams and illustrations, this book serves as an ideal introduction for those new to the topic, as well as a reference point for professionals. Fully updated edition of the comprehensive, single-source reference on satellite technology and its applications - remote sensing, weather, navigation, scientific, and military - including new chapters on Satellite Networks and Satellite Technology – Emerging TrendsCovers the full range of satellite applications in remote sensing, meteorology, the military, navigation and science, and communications, including satellite-to-under sea communication, satellite cell-phones, and global Xpress system of INMARSATThe cross-disciplinary coverage makes the book an essential reference book for professionals, R&D scientists and students at post graduate levelCompanion website provides a complete compendium on satellites and satellite launch vehiclesAn ideal introduction for Professionals and R&D scientists in the field. Engineering Students. Cross disciplinary information for engineers and technical managers.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum2014-05-30
Mått178 x 252 x 43 mm
Vikt1 424 g
FormatInbunden
SpråkEngelska
Antal sidor848
Upplaga3
FörlagJohn Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN9781118636473

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Elektronik och kommunikationer inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Preface xxi PART I SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY1 Introduction to Satellites and their Applications 31.1 Ever-expanding Application Spectrum 31.2 What is a Satellite? 41.3 History of the Evolution of Satellites 71.3.1 Era of Hot Air Balloons and Sounding Rockets 71.3.2 Launch of Early Artificial Satellites 81.3.3 Satellites for Communications, Meteorology and Scientific Exploration -- Early Developments 101.3.4 Non-geosynchronous Communication Satellites: Telstar and Relay Programmes 111.3.5 Emergence of Geosynchronous Communication Satellites 121.3.6 International Communication Satellite Systems 151.3.7 Domestic Communication Satellite Systems 161.3.8 Satellites for other Applications also made Rapid Progress 191.3.9 Small or Miniature Satellites 221.4 Evolution of Launch Vehicles 271.5 Future Trends 331.5.1 Communication Satellites 331.5.2 Weather Forecasting Satellites 331.5.3 Earth Observation Satellites 331.5.4 Navigational Satellites 341.5.5 Military Satellites 35Further Reading 35Glossary 352 Satellite Orbits and Trajectories 372.1 Definition of an Orbit and a Trajectory 372.2 Orbiting Satellites -- Basic Principles 372.2.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 392.2.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 402.2.3 Kepler’s Laws 412.3 Orbital Parameters 442.4 Injection Velocity and Resulting Satellite Trajectories 612.5 Types of Satellite Orbits 672.5.1 Orientation of the Orbital Plane 672.5.2 Eccentricity of the Orbit 682.5.3 Distance from Earth 702.5.4 Sun-synchronous Orbit 73Further Readings 76Glossary 763 Satellite Launch and In-orbit Operations 793.1 Acquiring the Desired Orbit 793.1.1 Parameters Defining the Satellite Orbit 803.1.2 Modifying the Orbital Parameters 833.2 Launch Sequence 953.2.1 Types of Launch Sequence 953.3 Launch Vehicles 1003.3.1 Introduction 1003.3.2 Classification 1003.3.3 Anatomy of a Launch Vehicle 1043.3.4 Principal Parameters 1063.3.5 Major Launch Vehicles 1083.4 Space Centres 1273.4.1 Location Considerations 1273.4.2 Constituent Parts of a Space Centre 1283.4.3 Major Space Centres 1293.5 Orbital Perturbations 1443.6 Satellite Stabilization 1463.6.1 Spin Stabilization 1463.6.2 Three-axis or Body Stabilization 1473.6.3 Comparison between Spin-stabilized and Three-axis Stabilized Satellites 1493.6.4 Station Keeping 1493.7 Orbital Effects on Satellite’s Performance 1493.7.1 Doppler Shift 1493.7.2 Variation in the Orbital Distance 1503.7.3 Solar Eclipse 1503.7.4 Sun Transit Outrage 1503.8 Eclipses 1503.9 Look Angles of a Satellite 1543.9.1 Azimuth Angle 1543.9.2 Elevation Angle 1553.9.3 Computing the Slant Range 1563.9.4 Computing the Line-of-Sight Distance between Two Satellites 1583.10 Earth Coverage and Ground Tracks 1663.10.1 Satellite Altitude and the Earth Coverage Area 1663.10.2 Satellite Ground Tracks 1673.10.3 Orbit Inclination and Latitude Coverage 170Further Readings 172Glossary 1724 Satellite Hardware 1744.1 Satellite Subsystems 1744.2 Mechanical Structure 1754.2.1 Design Considerations 1764.2.2 Typical Structure 1764.3 Propulsion Subsystem 1774.3.1 Basic Principle 1784.3.2 Types of Propulsion System 1784.4 Thermal Control Subsystem 1854.4.1 Sources of Thermal Inequilibrium 1864.4.2 Mechanism of Heat Transfer 1864.4.3 Types of Thermal Control 1874.5 Power Supply Subsystem 1894.5.1 Types of Power System 1894.5.2 Solar Energy Driven Power Systems 1904.5.3 Batteries 1954.6 Attitude and Orbit Control 1994.6.1 Attitude Control 2004.6.2 Orbit Control 2004.7 Tracking, Telemetry and Command Subsystem 2014.8 Payload 2034.9 Antenna Subsystem 2054.9.1 Antenna Parameters 2074.9.2 Types of Antennas 2104.10 Space Qualification and Equipment Reliability 2244.10.1 Space Qualification 2244.10.2 Reliability 225Further Readings 226Glossary 2275 Communication Techniques 2295.1 Types of Information Signals 2295.1.1 Voice Signals 2305.1.2 Data Signals 2305.1.3 Video Signals 2305.2 Amplitude Modulation 2315.2.1 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Signal 2325.2.2 Power in the AM Signal 2335.2.3 Noise in the AM Signal 2335.2.4 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation 2355.3 Frequency Modulation 2415.3.1 Frequency Spectrum of the FM Signal 2435.3.2 Narrow Band and Wide Band FM 2455.3.3 Noise in the FM Signal 2465.3.4 Generation of FM Signals 2505.3.5 Detection of FM Signals 2525.4 Pulse Communication Systems 2595.4.1 Analogue Pulse Communication Systems 2595.4.2 Digital Pulse Communication Systems 2615.5 Sampling Theorem 2655.6 Shannon--Hartley Theorem 2665.7 Digital Modulation Techniques 2675.7.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 2685.7.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 2685.7.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 2695.7.4 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 2705.7.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 2715.7.6 Offset QPSK 2735.7.7 8PSK and 16PSK 2745.7.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 2745.7.9 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) 2765.8 Multiplexing Techniques 2775.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing 2775.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing 2795.8.3 Code Division Multiplexing 281Further Readings 282Glossary 2836 Multiple Access Techniques 2866.1 Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques 2866.1.1 Transponder Assignment Modes 2876.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 2886.2.1 Demand Assigned FDMA 2906.2.2 Pre-assigned FDMA 2906.2.3 Calculation of C/N Ratio 2906.3 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Systems 2936.3.1 SCPC/FM/FDMA System 2936.3.2 SCPC/PSK/FDMA System 2946.4 Multiple Channels Per Carrier (MCPC) Systems 2956.4.1 MCPC/FDM/FM/FDMA System 2956.4.2 MCPC/PCM-TDM/PSK/FDMA System 2966.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 2976.6 TDMA Frame Structure 2976.6.1 Reference Burst 2986.6.2 Traffic Burst 2986.6.3 Guard Time 2996.7 TDMA Burst Structure 2996.7.1 Carrier and Clock Recovery Sequence 2996.7.2 Unique Word 2996.7.3 Signalling Channel 3006.7.4 Traffic Information 3016.8 Computing Unique Word Detection Probability 3016.9 TDMA Frame Efficiency 3026.10 Control and Coordination of Traffic 3036.11 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization 3056.11.1 Extraction of Traffic Bursts from Receive Frames 3056.11.2 Transmission of Traffic Bursts 3056.11.3 Frame Synchronization 3056.12 FDMA vs. TDMA 3076.12.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA 3086.12.2 Disadvantages of TDMA over FDMA 3086.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 3086.13.1 DS-CDMA Transmission and Reception 3096.13.2 Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) System 3116.13.3 Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA) System 3136.13.4 Comparison of DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA and TH-CDMA Systems 3146.14 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) 3166.14.1 Frequency Re-use in SDMA 3166.14.2 SDMA/FDMA System 3176.14.3 SDMA/TDMA System 3186.14.4 SDMA/CDMA System 319Further Readings 319Glossary 3207 Satellite Link Design Fundamentals 3227.1 Transmission Equation 3227.2 Satellite Link Parameters 3247.2.1 Choice of Operating Frequency 3247.2.2 Propagation Considerations 3247.2.3 Noise Considerations 3257.2.4 Interference-related Problems 3257.3 Frequency Considerations 3267.3.1 Frequency Allocation and Coordination 3267.4 Propagation Considerations 3307.4.1 Free-space Loss 3307.4.2 Gaseous Absorption 3317.4.3 Attenuation due to Rain 3337.4.4 Cloud Attenuation 3347.4.5 Signal Fading due to Refraction 3347.4.6 Ionosphere-related Effects 3357.4.7 Fading due to Multipath Signals 3387.5 Techniques to Counter Propagation Effects 3417.5.1 Attenuation Compensation Techniques 3417.5.2 Depolarization Compensation Techniques 3427.6 Noise Considerations 3427.6.1 Thermal Noise 3427.6.2 Noise Figure 3437.6.3 Noise Temperature 3447.6.4 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature of Cascaded Stages 3457.6.5 Antenna Noise Temperature 3467.6.6 Overall System Noise Temperature 3507.7 Interference-related Problems 3537.7.1 Intermodulation Distortion 3547.7.2 Interference between the Satellite and Terrestrial Links 3577.7.3 Interference due to Adjacent Satellites 3577.7.4 Cross-polarization Interference 3617.7.5 Adjacent Channel Interference 3617.8 Antenna Gain-to-Noise Temperature (G/T) Ratio 3657.9 Link Design 3677.9.1 Link Design Procedure 3687.9.2 Link Budget 3687.10 Multiple Spot Beam Technology 371Further Readings 374Glossary 3758 Earth Station 3788.1 Earth Station 3788.2 Types of Earth Station 3808.2.1 Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Station 3818.2.2 Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) Earth Stations 3828.2.3 Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) Earth Stations 3838.2.4 Single Function Stations 3848.2.5 Gateway Stations 3858.2.6 Teleports 3868.3 Earth Station Architecture 3868.4 Earth Station Design Considerations 3878.4.1 Key Performance Parameters 3888.4.2 Earth Station Design Optimization 3908.4.3 Environmental and Site Considerations 3918.5 Earth Station Testing 3928.5.1 Unit and Subsystem Level Testing 3928.5.2 System Level Testing 3928.6 Earth Station Hardware 3988.6.1 RF Equipment 3988.6.2 IF and Baseband Equipment 4088.6.3 Terrestrial Interface 4098.7 Satellite Tracking 4128.7.1 Satellite Tracking System -- Block Diagram 4128.7.2 Tracking Techniques 4128.8 Some Representative Earth Stations 4198.8.1 Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station 4198.8.2 Madley Communications Centre 4218.8.3 Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex 4218.8.4 Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex 4228.8.5 Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 4238.8.6 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station 4248.8.7 Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station 4268.8.8 Bukit Timah Satellite Earth Station 4268.8.9 INTELSAT Teleport Earth Stations 4268.8.10 SUPARCO Satellite Ground Station 4288.8.11 Makarios Satellite Earth Station 4288.8.12 Raisting Earth Station 4288.8.13 Indian Deep Space Network 429Glossary 4309 Networking Concepts 4339.1 Introduction 4339.2 Network Characteristics 4339.2.1 Availability 4349.2.2 Reliability 4349.2.3 Security 4359.2.4 Throughput 4369.2.5 Scalability 4379.2.6 Topology 4379.2.7 Cost 4379.3 Applications and Services 4379.3.1 Satellite and Network Services 4389.3.2 Satellite Services 4389.3.3 Network Services 4389.3.4 Internet Services 4399.4 Network Topologies 4429.4.1 Bus Topology 4429.4.2 Star Topology 4439.4.3 Ring Topology 4449.4.4 Mesh Topology 4449.4.5 Tree Topology 4459.4.6 Hybrid Topology 4469.5 Network Technologies 4479.5.1 Circuit Switched Networks 4479.5.2 Packet Switched Networks 4489.5.3 Circuit Switched versus Packet Switched Networks 4499.6 Networking Protocols 4509.6.1 Common Networking Protocols 4509.6.2 The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model 4539.6.3 Internet Protocol (IP) 4569.6.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 4579.6.5 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 4579.6.6 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 4579.6.7 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 4589.6.8 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 4589.6.9 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 4599.7 Satellite Constellations 4599.7.1 Constellation Geometry 4599.7.2 Major Satellite Constellations 4609.8 Internetworking with Terrestrial Networks 4659.8.1 Repeaters, Bridges, Switches and Routers 4659.8.2 Protocol Translation, Stacking and Tunnelling 4669.8.3 Quality of Service 466Further Readings 467Glossary 467PART II SATELLITE APPLICATIONS10 Communication Satellites 47310.1 Introduction to Communication Satellites 47310.2 Communication-related Applications of Satellites 47410.2.1 Geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 47510.2.2 Non-geostationary Satellite Communication Systems 47510.3 Frequency Bands 47510.4 Payloads 47510.4.1 Types of Transponders 47710.4.2 Transponder Performance Parameters 47810.5 Satellite versus Terrestrial Networks 47910.5.1 Advantages of Satellites Over Terrestrial Networks 47910.5.2 Disadvantages of Satellites with Respect to Terrestrial Networks 48010.6 Satellite Telephony 48110.6.1 Point-to-Point Trunk Telephone Networks 48210.6.2 Mobile Satellite Telephony 48210.7 Satellite Television 48410.7.1 A Typical Satellite TV Network 48410.7.2 Satellite--Cable Television 48510.7.3 Satellite--Local Broadcast TV Network 48610.7.4 Direct-to-Home Satellite Television 48710.7.5 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) 49010.7.6 DVB-S and DVB-S2 Standards 49110.7.7 DVB-RCS and DVB-RCS2 Standards 49310.7.8 DVB-T and DVB-T2 Standards 49310.7.9 DVB-H and DVB-SH Standards 49410.8 Satellite Radio 49610.9 Satellite Data Communication Services 49610.9.1 Satellite Data Broadcasting 49610.9.2 VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals) 49710.10 Important Missions 50210.10.1 International Satellite Systems 50210.10.2 Regional Satellite Systems 51210.10.3 National Satellite Systems 51310.11 Future Trends 51410.11.1 Development of Satellite Constellations in LEO Orbits 51610.11.2 Development of Personal Communication Services (PCS) 51610.11.3 Use of Higher Frequency Bands 51710.11.4 Development of Light Quantum Communication Techniques 51710.11.5 Development of Broadband Services to Mobile Users 51710.11.6 Development of Hybrid Satellite/Terrestrial Networks 51710.11.7 Advanced Concepts 518Further Readings 519Glossary 52111 Remote Sensing Satellites 52411.1 Remote Sensing -- An Overview 52411.1.1 Aerial Remote Sensing 52511.1.2 Satellite Remote Sensing 52511.2 Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems 52611.2.1 Optical Remote Sensing Systems 52611.2.2 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Systems 52811.2.3 Microwave Remote Sensing Systems 52911.3 Remote Sensing Satellite Orbits 53111.4 Remote Sensing Satellite Payloads 53111.4.1 Classification of Sensors 53111.4.2 Sensor Parameters 53411.5 Passive Sensors 53511.5.1 Passive Scanning Sensors 53611.5.2 Passive Non-scanning Sensors 53911.6 Active Sensors 54011.6.1 Active Non-scanning Sensors 54011.6.2 Active Scanning Sensors 54011.7 Types of Images 54211.7.1 Primary Images 54211.7.2 Secondary Images 54211.8 Image Classification 54511.9 Image Interpretation 54611.9.1 Interpreting Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing Images 54611.9.2 Interpreting Microwave Remote Sensing Images 54711.9.3 GIS in Remote Sensing 54711.10 Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites 54811.10.1 Land Cover Classification 54811.10.2 Land Cover Change Detection 54911.10.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Management 55011.10.4 Flood Monitoring 55111.10.5 Urban Monitoring and Development 55211.10.6 Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature 55211.10.7 Deforestation 55311.10.8 Global Monitoring 55311.10.9 Predicting Disasters 55511.10.10 Other Applications 55811.11 Major Remote Sensing Missions 55811.11.1 Landsat Satellite System 55811.11.2 SPOT Satellite System 56111.11.3 Radarsat Satellite System 56411.11.4 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System 56511.12 Future Trends 573Further Readings 574Glossary 57512 Weather Satellites 57712.1 Weather Forecasting -- An Overview 57712.2 Weather Forecasting Satellite Fundamentals 58012.3 Images from Weather Forecasting Satellites 58012.3.1 Visible Images 58012.3.2 IR Images 58212.3.3 Water Vapour Images 58312.3.4 Microwave Images 58412.3.5 Images Formed by Active Probing 58512.4 Weather Forecasting Satellite Orbits 58612.5 Weather Forecasting Satellite Payloads 58712.5.1 Radiometer 58812.5.2 Active Payloads 58912.6 Image Processing and Analysis 59212.6.1 Image Enhancement Techniques 59212.7 Weather Forecasting Satellite Applications 59312.7.1 Measurement of Cloud Parameters 59412.7.2 Rainfall 59412.7.3 Wind Speed and Direction 59512.7.4 Ground-level Temperature Measurements 59612.7.5 Air Pollution and Haze 59612.7.6 Fog 59612.7.7 Oceanography 59612.7.8 Severe Storm Support 59712.7.9 Fisheries 59812.7.10 Snow and Ice Studies 59812.8 Major Weather Forecasting Satellite Missions 59912.8.1 GOES Satellite System 59912.8.2 Meteosat Satellite System 60512.8.3 Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA Satellites 60812.9 Future of Weather Forecasting Satellite Systems 612Further Readings 612Glossary 61313 Navigation Satellites 61413.1 Development of Satellite Navigation Systems 61413.1.1 Doppler Effect based Satellite Navigation Systems 61513.1.2 Trilateration-based Satellite Navigation Systems 61513.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) 62113.2.1 Space Segment 62113.2.2 Control Segment 62213.2.3 User Segment 62313.3 Working Principle of the GPS 62513.3.1 Principle of Operation 62513.3.2 GPS Signal Structure 62713.3.3 Pseudorange Measurements 62813.3.4 Determination of the Receiver Location 62913.4 GPS Positioning Services and Positioning Modes 63113.4.1 GPS Positioning Services 63113.4.2 GPS Positioning Modes 63213.5 GPS Error Sources 63413.6 GLONASS Satellite System 63713.6.1 GLONASS Segments 63813.6.2 GLONASS Signal Structure 63913.7 GPS-GLONASS Integration 64113.8 EGNOS Satellite Navigation System 64213.9 Galileo Satellite Navigation Systems 64513.9.1 Three-Phase Development Programme 64513.9.2 Services 64613.10 Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) 64713.11 Compass Satellite Navigation System 64813.12 Hybrid Navigation Systems 64813.13 Applications of Satellite Navigation Systems 65013.13.1 Military Applications 65013.13.2 Civilian Applications 65113.14 Future of Satellite Navigation Systems 654Further Readings 655Glossary 65614 Scientific Satellites 65814.1 Satellite-based versus Ground-based Scientific Techniques 65814.2 Payloads on Board Scientific Satellites 65914.2.1 Payloads for Studying Earth’s Geodesy 65914.2.2 Payloads for Earth Environment Studies 66014.2.3 Payloads for Astronomical Studies 66114.3 Applications of Scientific Satellites -- Study of Earth 66514.3.1 Space Geodesy 66514.3.2 Tectonics and Internal Geodynamics 66914.3.3 Terrestrial Magnetic Fields 67014.4 Observation of the Earth’s Environment 67014.4.1 Study of the Earth’s Ionosphere and Magnetosphere 67114.4.2 Study of the Earth’s Upper Atmosphere (Aeronomy) 67714.4.3 Study of the Interaction between Earth and its Environment 67914.5 Astronomical Observations 68014.5.1 Observation of the Sun 68114.6 Missions for Studying Planets of the Solar System 68614.6.1 Mercury 69114.6.2 Venus 69214.6.3 Mars 69414.6.4 Outer Planets 69714.6.5 Moon 70314.6.6 Asteroids 70514.6.7 Comets 70614.7 Missions Beyond the Solar System 70714.8 Other Fields of Investigation 71014.8.1 Microgravity Experiments 71014.8.2 Life Sciences 71114.8.3 Material Sciences 71214.8.4 Cosmic Ray and Fundamental Physics Research 71314.9 Future Trends 714Further Readings 715Glossary 71515 Military Satellites 71715.1 Military Satellites -- An Overview 71715.1.1 Applications of Military Satellites 71815.2 Military Communication Satellites 71815.3 Development of Military Communication Satellite Systems 71915.3.1 American Systems 72015.3.2 Russian Systems 72415.3.3 Satellites Launched by other Countries 72515.4 Frequency Spectrum Utilized by Military Communication Satellite Systems 72615.5 Dual-use Military Communication Satellite Systems 72715.6 Reconnaisance Satellites 72815.6.1 Image Intelligence or IMINT Satellites 72815.7 SIGINT Satellites 73215.7.1 Development of SIGINT Satellites 73315.8 Early Warning Satellites 73515.8.1 Major Early Warning Satellite Programmes 73615.9 Nuclear Explosion Satellites 73815.10 Military Weather Forecasting Satellites 73815.11 Military Navigation Satellites 73915.12 Space Weapons 73915.12.1 Classification of Space Weapons 74015.13 Strategic Defence Initiative 74515.13.1 Ground Based Programmes 74615.13.2 Directed Energy Weapon Programmes 74915.13.3 Space Programmes 75115.13.4 Sensor Programmes 75215.14 Directed Energy Laser Weapons 75215.14.1 Advantages 75315.14.2 Limitations 75315.14.3 Directed Energy Laser Weapon Components 75415.14.4 Important Design Parametres 75515.14.5 Important Laser Sources 75615.14.6 Beam Control Technology 76315.15 Advanced Concepts 76415.15.1 New Surveillance Concepts Using Satellites 76515.15.2 Long Reach Non-lethal Laser Dazzler 76515.15.3 Long Reach Laser Target Designator 766Further Readings 767Glossary 76716 Emerging Trends 76916.1 Introduction 76916.2 Space Tethers 76916.2.1 Space Tethers -- Different Types 77016.2.2 Applications 77416.2.3 Space Tether Missions 77516.2.4 Space Elevator 77916.3 Aerostat Systems 78116.3.1 Components of an Aerostat System 78216.3.2 Types of Aerostat Systems 78216.3.3 Applications 78316.4 Millimetre Wave Satellite Communication 78416.4.1 Millimetre Wave Band 78416.4.2 Advantages 78516.4.3 Propagation Considerations 78716.4.4 Applications 78816.4.5 Millimetre Wave Satellite Missions 78916.5 Space Stations 79316.5.1 Importance of Space Stations 79416.5.2 Space Stations of the Past 79416.5.3 Currently Operational Systems 79716.5.4 Planned Space Stations 79916.5.5 Emerging Space Station Concepts 801Further Readings 803Glossary 804Index 807