Retrofitting Cities for Tomorrow's World

Malcolm Eames, PhD until recently held a professorial chair in Low Carbon Research with the Low Carbon Research Institute at the Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, UK, and was the Principal Investigator for the EPSRC Retrofit 2050 project. Tim Dixon, PhD holds a professorial chair in Sustainable Futures in the Built Environment in the School of the Built Environment at the University of Reading and leads the Sustainability in the Built Environment (SustBE) network. Miriam Hunt is a PhD student at School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, UK.Simon Lannon, PhD is a research fellow at the Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, UK.

• List of Contributors xiBiographies xvForeword xxiPreface xxiiiReviews xxv1 Introduction 1Tim Dixon, Malcolm Eames, Miriam Hunt and Simon Lannon1.1 The Future (or ‘Tomorrow’s World’) of Cities 41.2 The Structure of the Book 71.2.1 Part One: Governance and Dynamics of Urban Retrofit 71.2.2 Part Two: Modelling Urban Transitions and Pathways 101.2.3 Part Three: Steering and Navigating Sustainable Urban Transitions 111.2.4 Part Four: Overview of Key Themes from the Book 14References 14Part I Governance and Dynamics of Urban Retrofit 172 Community Housing Retrofit in the UK and the Civics of Energy Consumption 19Andrew Karvonen2.1 Challenges to Systemic Housing Retrofit 202.2 Community and Low]Carbon Futures 212.3 Community Housing Retrofit 222.3.1 Community as Local Governance Strategy 232.3.2 Community as Identity 232.3.3 Community as Learning Network 242.3.4 Community as Ethical Commitment 252.4 Community Housing Retrofit and the Civics of Low]carbon Transitions 262.5 Conclusions 27References 283 ‘City]wide or City]blind’? An Analysis of Retrofit Practices in the UK Commercial Property Sector 33Tim Dixon3.1 Introduction 343.2 UK Commercial Property: Nature and Characteristics of Commercial Property 363.3 What Conceptual Frameworks Can We Use to Understand Commercial Property Retrofitting? 373.4 Research Findings 403.4.1 ‘Who’? – The Main Stakeholders in the Commercial Property Retrofit Regime and the Nature of the Regime 403.4.2 ‘What’? – Retrofit Defined and the Key Technologies Being Used 413.4.3 ‘Why’? – The Key Drivers and Barriers 423.4.4 ‘How’? – Institutional Frameworks, Legislation and Monitoring/Standards 453.5 Conclusions and Discussion 46Acknowledgements 48References 484 Performance Gap in ‘Deep’ Retrofit of Housing: Issues at the Design and Construction Interface 53Will Swan, Niloufar Bayat and Graeme Sheriff4.1 Introduction 534.2 Defining the Performance Gap 554.3 Methodology – Expert Interviews 564.4 Findings 584.4.1 Theme 1 – Understanding and Skills 584.4.2 Theme 2 – Working Practices 604.4.3 Theme 3 – Hard to Treat 624.5 Conclusions 63References 645 Transforming the Commercial Property Market in Australians Cities: Contemporary Practices and the Future Potential in Green Roof Retrofit 69Sara J. Wilkinson, Paul van der Kallen, Allan Teale and Hera Antoniades5.1 Introduction 695.2 Green Roofs Defined 705.3 Retrofit Issues in Commercial Stock in Australian Cities 725.4 Drivers for Green Roofs 735.5 Transformation of the Commercial Property Stock 755.6 Valuation Issues 765.7 Retrofitting Investment to Date 785.8 Taxation Considerations 795.9 Contemporary Practices 805.9.1 Green Roof Retrofit in Commercial Stock – Case Studies from Melbourne and Sydney 805.10 Future Potential in Green Roof Retrofit 855.11 Conclusions 86Acknowledgements 87References 87Part II Modelling Urban Transitions and Pathways 916 Modelling Residential Retrofit: Insights on the Effect of Regional Characteristics for the Cardiff City Region 93Malcolm Eames, Simon Lannon, Miriam Hunt and Aliki Georgakaki6.1 Introduction 936.2 Context 946.2.1 Role of Local Government 946.2.2 Cardiff Domestic Stock: History and Legacy 956.3 Methodology 966.4 Results 1016.4.1 Wall Insulation 1046.4.2 Loft Insulation 1046.4.3 Glazing 1056.5 Conclusions 106Acknowledgements 106References 1067 Weatherproofing Urban Social Housing for a Changing Climate Through Retrofitting: A Holistic Approach 109Anna Mavrogianni, Jonathon Taylor, Michael Davies and John Kolm]Murray7.1 Scope 1097.2 The UK Housing Retrofit Challenge and Potential Unintended Consequences 1107.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Social Housing Retrofit 1107.4 The Building Envelope as a Climate Modifier 1117.5 The Role of Seasonal Health Policy 1127.6 South Islington: A Case Study 1137.6.1 Climate Risk Awareness and Behaviour 1137.6.2 Indoor Summer Thermal Comfort and Environmental Quality 1147.7 Conclusions 120Acknowledgements 120References 1218 What is Hindering Adaptation to Climate Change in English Suburbs, and What Would Help Facilitate Action? 125Ian Smith, Katie Williams and Rajat Gupta8.1 Introduction 1258.2 What is the Suburban Retrofitting Problem? 1268.3 Hot in the Suburbs? 1278.4 How Does the Current Literature Explain Why Retrofitting Might Happen? 1308.5 Conclusions 136References 1379 The Value of Foresight and Scenarios in Engineering Liveable Future Cities 139Chris Rogers9.1 Introduction 1399.2 Retrofitting the Underworld 1419.3 The Foresight Future of Cities Project 1429.4 Scenarios 1469.5 Conclusions 149Acknowledgements 149References 150Part III Steering and Navigating Sustainable Urban Transitions 15310 Urban Sustainability Transition: Retrofitting the City 155Derk Loorbach10.1 Introduction 15610.2 Transitions as the Analytical Starting Point for Addressing Urban Transitions 15710.3 Sustainability Transitions in Urban Areas 15910.4 A Transition in the Urban Built Environment? 16210.5 Transition Project ‘Energiesprong’ 16310.6 Transition Management and the Built Environment 16510.7 Outlook: Transitioning the City? 168References 16911 Presenting Futures: London 2062 171Sarah Bell11.1 Introduction 17111.2 UCL’s Grand Challenges 17311.3 London 2062 17311.3.1 Connections 17511.3.2 Things 17511.3.3 Power 17611.3.4 Dreams 17711.3.5 Imagining the Future City 17711.4 Conclusions178References 17912 Framing New Retrofit Models for Regenerating Australia’s Fast Growing Cities 183Peter W. Newton12.1 Introduction 18312.2 Current State, Future Trajectories and Retrofitting Challenges for Australia’s Largest Cities 18412.3 The Challenge of Regenerative Urban Transition 18612.3.1 Scale of Built Environment Innovation 18712.3.2 Urban Form and Fabric 18712.3.3 Urban Development Arenas 18712.4 Greyfield Infill Redevelopment 19412.5 Towards a New Model for Residential Precinct Regeneration 19612.5.1 Public Housing as a Catalyst for Neighbourhood Regeneration 19712.5.2 Precinct Regeneration in Greyfields Private Property Market: Municipal Housing Strategies as a Catalyst for Neighbourhood Regeneration 19812.6 Conclusion 201Acknowledgements 202References 20313 City]regional Futures in Context: Insights from the Retrofit 2050 Project 207Carla De Laurentis, Malcolm Eames, Miriam Hunt and Tim Dixon13.1 Introduction 20713.2 City Futures as Guiding Visions 21013.3 How Can We Use City Visions to Understand City Futures of Tomorrow? 21213.4 Exploring Visions of Cities in Context: Cardiff 2050 21713.5 ConcludingRemarks 222References 22314 National Policies for Local Urban Sustainability: A New Governance Approach? 227Simon Joss and Robert Cowley14.1 Introduction 22714.2 Four National Sustainable City Programmes in Profile 22914.2.1 Eco Cities (India) 22914.2.2 EcoQuartier (France) 23114.2.3 Eco]Model City (Japan) 23414.2.4 Future Cities (UK) 23714.3 Comparative Observations 23814.3.1 Shaping the Content of Local Agendas 23914.3.2 Governance Innovation 24014.3.3 Factors Co]determining Policy Implementation Success/Failure 24114.4 Conclusions 242References 243Part IV Overview of Key Themes from the Book 24715 Conclusions and Reflections: Retrofitting Cities for Tomorrow’s World 249Malcolm Eames, Tim Dixon, Miriam Hunt and Simon Lannon15.1 Introduction 24915.2 Critical Factors for Successful Urban Retrofit Transition 25015.2.1 Emerging Themes from the Book 25015.2.2 EPSRC Retrofit 2050: Main Findings 25215.3 Summary: Foresight for a Tomorrow’s World of Cities 260References 262Index 267