Race and Racism

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban is professor emerita of anthropology, Rhode Island College; adjunct professor, Doctoral Program in Education, University of Rhode Island/Rhode Island College; and adjunct professor of African Studies, U.S. Naval War College. In her long career, she has written and edited numerous books and articles, particularly on ethics in Anthropology, Islamic societies, and Sudan.

• Preface About the Author 1. Anthropology, Race, and Racism What Is Anthropology? What Is Race? What Is Racism? How Is Race Different from Ethnicity, Religion, Language, and Other Differences? Why Is There So Much Confusion? There Is No Science of Race, but Race Is Sociologically Real Race and Ethnicity Distinguished Barack Obama and Donald Trump: Racial Inclusion and Exclusion Breaking the Ice: Class Exercise to Initiate a Dialogue on Race Class Exercises References 2. Race, Human Evolution, and Natural Selection Human Evolution, the Story of African Genesis, “Out of Africa” New Finds for Early Humans in Africa Asian ProgenitorsEuropean Early Humans Early Humans in the Americas Migration of Humans Out of Africa Origins of Human Racial Difference: Modern Humans— Homo sapiens Race and Science Models of the Origin of Races Human Variation— “Race”— as the Rich History of Homo sapiens sapiens Mechanisms for Biological Change in HumansMutation Natural SelectionGenetic Drift Gene Flow/ Migration Mating in Homogenous Populations, Inbreeding EffectsRandom, Nonrandom Mating Founders’ Effect Racial Difference and Natural Selection “Race” Mixture and Skin ColorAlbinos: The Only People with No Melanin, Found in All Races Hair Form and Eye Color Body Type The Epicanthic Fold, “Asian” EyesBlood and Race Sickle Cell Anemia, Malaria, and Human Evolution Lactose Intolerance and PTC Tasting Human History through Blood Types: DNA Mapping of the Human Genome The Human Genome Project DNA: Helping African Americans Trace Their Roots Curiosity about Racial Differences Study QuestionsReferences 3. Making a Science of Racial Inequality Race and the Origins of Anthropology One or Many Species of Humanity: Monogenism versus PolygenismRace and Nineteenth- Century Evolution: Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization Progressing from Dark to Light Races— from “Black” and “Red” Savages, to “Yellow” and “Tan” Barbarians, to “White” Civilized Races The Three Great Races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid The Negro/ African/ Ethiopian Race: Constructing a “Science” of Black Inferiority The American Anthropological Association’s Recommendations for the 2000 and 2010 U.S. Censuses Summary Questions for Discussion and Further Reflection References4. Racism and Anti- Racism from the Nineteenth to the Twenty- First Centuries Contrasting Ideas: The Inequality versus the Equality of RacesAryan Supremacy The Social Darwinist and Eugenics Movements and Their Critics Franz Boas and the Mainstreaming of Anti-Racist Anthropology Lothrop Stoddard: Eugenicist, Immigration Opponent, Nazi Sympathizer Contrasting Postwar Anthropologists: Anti-Racist Ashley Montagu (1905– 1999) and Racialist and Racist Carlton Coon (1942– 1962) Discussion Questions References 5. Race, Intelligence, and Mental Testing So- Called Race and So- Called Intelligence Anthropometry, Craniometry Amounting to “Skeletomania”Skin Color and Intelligence Race and the Measurement of Intelligence The Future of Race and Intelligence— Achievement Testing Summary Discussion QuestionsReferences Notes 6. Whiteness, White Identity, and the Future of White Privilege in AmericaThe Social Construction of WhitenessInventing White Privilege Confronting the History of White Racism and Its Intergenerational ConsequencesPraising the History of Black- White Unity The Important Role of White Women The Important Role of Working- Class White Men Cultural Dimensions of Whiteness Popular Culture: What White People Have Taken from Black People Hip- Hop Culture: How Young Whites and Blacks Find Common Ground The Future of Whiteness in the Twenty- First Century Whites Participating in and Advancing the Dialogue on Race Discussion QuestionsReferencesNotes7. International Perspectives on Race Relations Race and Racism in Selected European Nations Race in the New World Hybrid Societies: The Caribbean and Latin America Selected Cases Race in Africa: Selected Cases Egypt and the Two Sudans Race in the Middle East Race in Major Cultures of Asia Treatment of Indigenous Peoples around the World Global Efforts to Eradicate/ Ameliorate Racism Summary Discussion Questions References 8. Racial Reconstruction and Transformation in America Demographic and Social Transformation of the United States Race and the Obama PresidencyBlack Lives [Still] Do Not MatterThe Reconfiguration of RaceRace, Hollywood, and the Media, “Oscars so White” National Dialogue on Race Emphasizing “Truth and Reconciliation” The Black- White Binary and the Asian Model MinorityIssues That Remain Unprocessed Challenging White Privilege: What Whites Have to Contribute to the Dialogue on Race Best Practices That Are Simple to Emulate: Rhode Island College Unity Players Final Remarks Discussion QuestionsReferences Index

Over a decade has passed since the first edition of Race and Racism: An Introduction, in which anthropologist Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban attempted to demystify the dynamic concept of race. By defining race as a changing, however, Fluehr-Lobban implies that no study of the subject will ever remain timely for long. With that in mind, she has presented a new edition of the book that successfully achieves two important goals. It retains the most relevant information on the nature of race and racism from the inaugural version. In addition, Fluehr-Lobban successfully takes on the challenge of examining the changes in today’s racial landscape.... Over the past 15 years, changes in the national conversation on race have necessitated a reintroduction of Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban’s work–and 15 years from now, if not sooner, new changes will warrant another edition, no doubt. The second edition of Race and Racism extends the author’s impressive contributions to the present day in ways that will benefit students and instructors of anthropology, sociology, education, communication, and ethnic studies—and leave them wondering where the conversation will take us before the third edition rolls around.