KERRY J. HOWE is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of New Mexico and former principal engineer at MWH. His teaching and research focuses on water quality, membrane processes, desalination, and advanced water treatment technologies. DAVID W. HAND is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan Technological University. He has authored or coauthored over 130 technical publications including six textbooks, two patents, and eight copyrighted software programs. JOHN C. CRITTENDEN is Director of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems as well as Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. R. RHODES TRUSSELL is the founder of Trussell Technologies and former senior vice president at MWH. He has served as Chair of the Water Science and Technology Board for the National Academies and, in 2010, was awarded the prestigious A. P. Black Research Award from the American Water Works Association. GEORGE TCHOBANOGLOUS is Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Davis. He is the author or coauthor of more than 500 technical papers and a number of textbooks, including Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse and Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xvii1 Introduction 11-1 The Importance of Principles 21-2 The Importance of Sustainability 4References 42 Water Quality and Public Health 52-1 Relationship between Water Quality and Public Health 52-2 Source Waters for Municipal Drinking Water Systems 92-3 Regulations of Water Treatment in the United States 172-4 Evolving Trends and Challenges in Drinking Water Treatment 212-5 Summary and Study Guide 23References 243 Process Selection 253-1 Process Selection Based on Contaminant Properties 263-2 Other Considerations in Process Selection 303-3 Sustainability and Energy Considerations 343-4 Design and Selection of Process Trains 393-5 Summary and Study Guide 42Homework Problems 43References 454 Fundamental Principles of Environmental Engineering 474-1 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations 484-2 Chemical Equilibrium 514-3 Chemical Kinetics 604-4 Reactions Used in Water Treatment 634-5 Mass Balance Analysis 664-6 Introduction to Reactors and Reactor Analysis 734-7 Reactions in Batch Reactors 774-8 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Flow Reactors 804-9 Reactions in Ideal Flow Reactors 844-10 Measuring the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Reactors with Tracer Tests 884-11 Describing the Hydraulic Performance of Real Flow Reactors 954-12 Reactions in Real Flow Reactors 1014-13 Introduction to Mass Transfer 1034-14 Molecular Diffusion 1044-15 Diffusion Coefficients 1064-16 Models and Correlations for Mass Transfer at an Interface 1154-17 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams 1264-18 Summary and Study Guide 131Homework Problems 133References 1385 Coagulation and Flocculation 1395-1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 1405-2 Stability of Particles in Water 1425-3 Principles of Coagulation 1495-4 Coagulation Practice 1505-5 Principles of Mixing for Coagulation and Flocculation 1625-6 Rapid-Mix Practice 1635-7 Principles of Flocculation 1655-8 Flocculation Practice 1705-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 1865-10 Summary and Study Guide 187Homework Problems 188References 1906 Sedimentation 1936-1 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling 1966-2 Discrete Settling in Ideal Rectangulor Sedimentation Basins 2016-3 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Particle Settling 2056-4 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling 2066-5 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design 2116-6 Alternative Sedimentation Processes 2206-7 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation 2286-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 2306-9 Summary and Study Guide 231Homework Problems 232References 2347 Rapid Granular Filtration 2357-1 Physical Description of a Rapid Granular Filter 2367-2 Process Description of Rapid Filtration 2427-3 Particle Capture in Granular Filtration 2467-4 Head Loss through a Clean Filter Bed 2557-5 Modeling of Performance and Optimization 2587-6 Backwash Hydraulics 2667-7 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 2737-8 Summary and Study Guide 274Homework Problems 275References 2788 Membrane Filtration 2818-1 Classification of Membrane Processes 2828-2 Comparison to Rapid Granular Filtration 2848-3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment 2868-4 Process Description of Membrane Filtration 2968-5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration 3018-6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters 3058-7 Membrane Fouling 3098-8 Sizing of Membrane Skids 3168-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 3198-10 Summary and Study Guide 321Homework Problems 322References 3259 Reverse Osmosis 3279-1 Principal Features of a Reverse Osmosis Facility 3299-2 Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis 3359-3 Mass Transfer of Water and Solutes through RO Membranes 3399-4 Performance Dependence on Temperature and Pressure 3439-5 Concentration Polarization 3489-6 Fouling and Scaling 3539-7 Element Selection and Membrane Array Design 3599-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 3619-9 Summary and Study Guide 364Homework Problems 365References 36810 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 36910-1 Introduction to the Adsorption Process 37010-2 Adsorption Equilibrium 37710-3 Adsorption Kinetics 38210-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process 38610-5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 39510-6 Ion Exchange Kinetics 39910-7 Fixed-Bed Contactors 40010-8 Suspended-Media Reactors 42310-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 42910-10 Summary and Study Guide 430Homework Problems 431References 43511 Air Stripping and Aeration 43711-1 Types of Air Stripping and Aeration Contactors 43811-2 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium 44311-3 Fundamentals of Packed Tower Air Stripping 44911-4 Design and Analysis of Packed-Tower Air Stripping 45911-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 47111-6 Summary and Study Guide 472Homework Problems 473References 47512 Advanced Oxidation 47712-1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation 47912-2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process 48612-3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process 49412-4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process 50512-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 51812-6 Summary and Study Guide 519Homework Problems 520References 52213 Disinfection 52513-1 Disinfection Agents and Systems 52613-2 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine 53213-3 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide 53813-4 Disinfection with Ozone 53813-5 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light 54313-6 Disinfection Kinetics 55513-7 Disinfection Kinetics in Real Flow Reactors 56513-8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion 56713-9 Disinfection By-products 57213-10 Residual Maintenance 57513-11 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 57613-12 Summary and Study Guide 578Homework Problems 579References 58114 Residuals Management 58514-1 Defining the Problem 58614-2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals 59114-3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludge 59514-4 Liquid Wastes from Granular Media Filters 59914-5 Management of Residual Liquid Streams 60114-6 Management of Residual Sludge 60414-7 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals 61414-8 Summary and Study Guide 616Homework Problems 617References 618Appendix A Conversion Factors 621Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air 627B-1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures 629B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation 629Appendix C Physical Properties of Water 631Appendix D Periodic Table 633Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the John Wiley & Sons Website for This Textbook 635Index 637

KERRY J. HOWE is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of New Mexico and former principal engineer at MWH. His teaching and research focuses on water quality, membrane processes, desalination, and advanced water treatment technologies. DAVID W. HAND is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan Technological University. He has authored or coauthored over 130 technical publications including six textbooks, two patents, and eight copyrighted software programs. JOHN C. CRITTENDEN is Director of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems as well as Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. R. RHODES TRUSSELL is the founder of Trussell Technologies and former senior vice president at MWH. He has served as Chair of the Water Science and Technology Board for the National Academies and, in 2010, was awarded the prestigious A. P. Black Research Award from the American Water Works Association. GEORGE TCHOBANOGLOUS is Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Davis. He is the author or coauthor of more than 500 technical papers and a number of textbooks, including Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse and Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xvii1 Introduction 11-1 The Importance of Principles 21-2 The Importance of Sustainability 4References 42 Water Quality and Public Health 52-1 Relationship between Water Quality and Public Health 52-2 Source Waters for Municipal Drinking Water Systems 92-3 Regulations of Water Treatment in the United States 172-4 Evolving Trends and Challenges in Drinking Water Treatment 212-5 Summary and Study Guide 23References 243 Process Selection 253-1 Process Selection Based on Contaminant Properties 263-2 Other Considerations in Process Selection 303-3 Sustainability and Energy Considerations 343-4 Design and Selection of Process Trains 393-5 Summary and Study Guide 42Homework Problems 43References 454 Fundamental Principles of Environmental Engineering 474-1 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations 484-2 Chemical Equilibrium 514-3 Chemical Kinetics 604-4 Reactions Used in Water Treatment 634-5 Mass Balance Analysis 664-6 Introduction to Reactors and Reactor Analysis 734-7 Reactions in Batch Reactors 774-8 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Flow Reactors 804-9 Reactions in Ideal Flow Reactors 844-10 Measuring the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Reactors with Tracer Tests 884-11 Describing the Hydraulic Performance of Real Flow Reactors 954-12 Reactions in Real Flow Reactors 1014-13 Introduction to Mass Transfer 1034-14 Molecular Diffusion 1044-15 Diffusion Coefficients 1064-16 Models and Correlations for Mass Transfer at an Interface 1154-17 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams 1264-18 Summary and Study Guide 131Homework Problems 133References 1385 Coagulation and Flocculation 1395-1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 1405-2 Stability of Particles in Water 1425-3 Principles of Coagulation 1495-4 Coagulation Practice 1505-5 Principles of Mixing for Coagulation and Flocculation 1625-6 Rapid-Mix Practice 1635-7 Principles of Flocculation 1655-8 Flocculation Practice 1705-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 1865-10 Summary and Study Guide 187Homework Problems 188References 1906 Sedimentation 1936-1 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling 1966-2 Discrete Settling in Ideal Rectangulor Sedimentation Basins 2016-3 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Particle Settling 2056-4 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling 2066-5 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design 2116-6 Alternative Sedimentation Processes 2206-7 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation 2286-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 2306-9 Summary and Study Guide 231Homework Problems 232References 2347 Rapid Granular Filtration 2357-1 Physical Description of a Rapid Granular Filter 2367-2 Process Description of Rapid Filtration 2427-3 Particle Capture in Granular Filtration 2467-4 Head Loss through a Clean Filter Bed 2557-5 Modeling of Performance and Optimization 2587-6 Backwash Hydraulics 2667-7 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 2737-8 Summary and Study Guide 274Homework Problems 275References 2788 Membrane Filtration 2818-1 Classification of Membrane Processes 2828-2 Comparison to Rapid Granular Filtration 2848-3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment 2868-4 Process Description of Membrane Filtration 2968-5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration 3018-6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters 3058-7 Membrane Fouling 3098-8 Sizing of Membrane Skids 3168-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 3198-10 Summary and Study Guide 321Homework Problems 322References 3259 Reverse Osmosis 3279-1 Principal Features of a Reverse Osmosis Facility 3299-2 Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis 3359-3 Mass Transfer of Water and Solutes through RO Membranes 3399-4 Performance Dependence on Temperature and Pressure 3439-5 Concentration Polarization 3489-6 Fouling and Scaling 3539-7 Element Selection and Membrane Array Design 3599-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 3619-9 Summary and Study Guide 364Homework Problems 365References 36810 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 36910-1 Introduction to the Adsorption Process 37010-2 Adsorption Equilibrium 37710-3 Adsorption Kinetics 38210-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process 38610-5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 39510-6 Ion Exchange Kinetics 39910-7 Fixed-Bed Contactors 40010-8 Suspended-Media Reactors 42310-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 42910-10 Summary and Study Guide 430Homework Problems 431References 43511 Air Stripping and Aeration 43711-1 Types of Air Stripping and Aeration Contactors 43811-2 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium 44311-3 Fundamentals of Packed Tower Air Stripping 44911-4 Design and Analysis of Packed-Tower Air Stripping 45911-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 47111-6 Summary and Study Guide 472Homework Problems 473References 47512 Advanced Oxidation 47712-1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation 47912-2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process 48612-3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process 49412-4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process 50512-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 51812-6 Summary and Study Guide 519Homework Problems 520References 52213 Disinfection 52513-1 Disinfection Agents and Systems 52613-2 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine 53213-3 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide 53813-4 Disinfection with Ozone 53813-5 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light 54313-6 Disinfection Kinetics 55513-7 Disinfection Kinetics in Real Flow Reactors 56513-8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion 56713-9 Disinfection By-products 57213-10 Residual Maintenance 57513-11 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 57613-12 Summary and Study Guide 578Homework Problems 579References 58114 Residuals Management 58514-1 Defining the Problem 58614-2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals 59114-3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludge 59514-4 Liquid Wastes from Granular Media Filters 59914-5 Management of Residual Liquid Streams 60114-6 Management of Residual Sludge 60414-7 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals 61414-8 Summary and Study Guide 616Homework Problems 617References 618Appendix A Conversion Factors 621Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air 627B-1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures 629B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation 629Appendix C Physical Properties of Water 631Appendix D Periodic Table 633Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the John Wiley & Sons Website for This Textbook 635Index 637

KERRY J. HOWE is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of New Mexico and former principal engineer at MWH. His teaching and research focuses on water quality, membrane processes, desalination, and advanced water treatment technologies. DAVID W. HAND is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan Technological University. He has authored or coauthored over 130 technical publications including six textbooks, two patents, and eight copyrighted software programs. JOHN C. CRITTENDEN is Director of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems as well as Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. R. RHODES TRUSSELL is the founder of Trussell Technologies and former senior vice president at MWH. He has served as Chair of the Water Science and Technology Board for the National Academies and, in 2010, was awarded the prestigious A. P. Black Research Award from the American Water Works Association. GEORGE TCHOBANOGLOUS is Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Davis. He is the author or coauthor of more than 500 technical papers and a number of textbooks, including Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse and Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xvii1 Introduction 11-1 The Importance of Principles 21-2 The Importance of Sustainability 4References 42 Water Quality and Public Health 52-1 Relationship between Water Quality and Public Health 52-2 Source Waters for Municipal Drinking Water Systems 92-3 Regulations of Water Treatment in the United States 172-4 Evolving Trends and Challenges in Drinking Water Treatment 212-5 Summary and Study Guide 23References 243 Process Selection 253-1 Process Selection Based on Contaminant Properties 263-2 Other Considerations in Process Selection 303-3 Sustainability and Energy Considerations 343-4 Design and Selection of Process Trains 393-5 Summary and Study Guide 42Homework Problems 43References 454 Fundamental Principles of Environmental Engineering 474-1 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations 484-2 Chemical Equilibrium 514-3 Chemical Kinetics 604-4 Reactions Used in Water Treatment 634-5 Mass Balance Analysis 664-6 Introduction to Reactors and Reactor Analysis 734-7 Reactions in Batch Reactors 774-8 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Flow Reactors 804-9 Reactions in Ideal Flow Reactors 844-10 Measuring the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Reactors with Tracer Tests 884-11 Describing the Hydraulic Performance of Real Flow Reactors 954-12 Reactions in Real Flow Reactors 1014-13 Introduction to Mass Transfer 1034-14 Molecular Diffusion 1044-15 Diffusion Coefficients 1064-16 Models and Correlations for Mass Transfer at an Interface 1154-17 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams 1264-18 Summary and Study Guide 131Homework Problems 133References 1385 Coagulation and Flocculation 1395-1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 1405-2 Stability of Particles in Water 1425-3 Principles of Coagulation 1495-4 Coagulation Practice 1505-5 Principles of Mixing for Coagulation and Flocculation 1625-6 Rapid-Mix Practice 1635-7 Principles of Flocculation 1655-8 Flocculation Practice 1705-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 1865-10 Summary and Study Guide 187Homework Problems 188References 1906 Sedimentation 1936-1 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling 1966-2 Discrete Settling in Ideal Rectangulor Sedimentation Basins 2016-3 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Particle Settling 2056-4 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling 2066-5 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design 2116-6 Alternative Sedimentation Processes 2206-7 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation 2286-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 2306-9 Summary and Study Guide 231Homework Problems 232References 2347 Rapid Granular Filtration 2357-1 Physical Description of a Rapid Granular Filter 2367-2 Process Description of Rapid Filtration 2427-3 Particle Capture in Granular Filtration 2467-4 Head Loss through a Clean Filter Bed 2557-5 Modeling of Performance and Optimization 2587-6 Backwash Hydraulics 2667-7 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 2737-8 Summary and Study Guide 274Homework Problems 275References 2788 Membrane Filtration 2818-1 Classification of Membrane Processes 2828-2 Comparison to Rapid Granular Filtration 2848-3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment 2868-4 Process Description of Membrane Filtration 2968-5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration 3018-6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters 3058-7 Membrane Fouling 3098-8 Sizing of Membrane Skids 3168-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 3198-10 Summary and Study Guide 321Homework Problems 322References 3259 Reverse Osmosis 3279-1 Principal Features of a Reverse Osmosis Facility 3299-2 Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis 3359-3 Mass Transfer of Water and Solutes through RO Membranes 3399-4 Performance Dependence on Temperature and Pressure 3439-5 Concentration Polarization 3489-6 Fouling and Scaling 3539-7 Element Selection and Membrane Array Design 3599-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 3619-9 Summary and Study Guide 364Homework Problems 365References 36810 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 36910-1 Introduction to the Adsorption Process 37010-2 Adsorption Equilibrium 37710-3 Adsorption Kinetics 38210-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process 38610-5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 39510-6 Ion Exchange Kinetics 39910-7 Fixed-Bed Contactors 40010-8 Suspended-Media Reactors 42310-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 42910-10 Summary and Study Guide 430Homework Problems 431References 43511 Air Stripping and Aeration 43711-1 Types of Air Stripping and Aeration Contactors 43811-2 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium 44311-3 Fundamentals of Packed Tower Air Stripping 44911-4 Design and Analysis of Packed-Tower Air Stripping 45911-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 47111-6 Summary and Study Guide 472Homework Problems 473References 47512 Advanced Oxidation 47712-1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation 47912-2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process 48612-3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process 49412-4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process 50512-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 51812-6 Summary and Study Guide 519Homework Problems 520References 52213 Disinfection 52513-1 Disinfection Agents and Systems 52613-2 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine 53213-3 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide 53813-4 Disinfection with Ozone 53813-5 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light 54313-6 Disinfection Kinetics 55513-7 Disinfection Kinetics in Real Flow Reactors 56513-8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion 56713-9 Disinfection By-products 57213-10 Residual Maintenance 57513-11 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 57613-12 Summary and Study Guide 578Homework Problems 579References 58114 Residuals Management 58514-1 Defining the Problem 58614-2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals 59114-3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludge 59514-4 Liquid Wastes from Granular Media Filters 59914-5 Management of Residual Liquid Streams 60114-6 Management of Residual Sludge 60414-7 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals 61414-8 Summary and Study Guide 616Homework Problems 617References 618Appendix A Conversion Factors 621Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air 627B-1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures 629B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation 629Appendix C Physical Properties of Water 631Appendix D Periodic Table 633Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the John Wiley & Sons Website for This Textbook 635Index 637